  LILO mini-HOWTO
  Miroslav "Misko" Skoric, skoric at eunet dot yu
  v3.38, 2009-11-08

  LILO is the most used Linux Loader for the x86 flavor of Linux; I'll
  call it Lilo rather than LILO here because I don't appreciate upper-
  case. This file describes some typical Lilo installations. It's
  intended as a supplement to the Lilo User's Guide. I think examples
  are informative even if your setup isn't much like mine. I hope this
  saves you trouble. Since Lilo's own documentation is very good, who's
  interested in the details is referred to /usr/doc/lilo* (once upon a
  time said gentlemen like Cameron Spitzer and Alessandro Rubini who
  have made early versions of this document)

  This version of Lilo mini-HOWTO is based on work of Cameron Spitzer
  (cls@truffula.sj.ca.us) and Alessandro Rubini (rubini@linux.it). There
  are also contributions from Tony Harris (tony@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu) and
  Marc Tanguy (mtanguy@ens.uvsq.fr). Well, I have used materials from
  the authors mentioned - without changes - and added some pointers
  related to configuring LILO for using with Windows NT and Windows
  2000.  More detailed information about the activation of Windows
  NT/2000 from LILO menu, you may find in wonderfull Linux+WindowsNT
  <http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Linux+WinNT.html> mini-HOWTO.



  1.  Introduction

  Although the documentation found in Lilo's sources (the one installed
  in /usr/doc/lilo-version) is very comprehensive, most Linux users
  experience some trouble in building their own /etc/lilo.conf file.
  This document is meant to support them by giving the minimal
  information and by showing five sample installations:


  ·  The first example is the classical ``Linux and other''
     installation.

  ·  The next one shows how to install Lilo on a hard drive connected as
     /dev/hdc that will boot as /dev/hda.  This is usually needed when
     you install a new Linux drive from your own running system. This
     also tells how to boot from SCSI disks when your BIOS is modern
     enough.

  ·  The third example shows how to boot a Linux system whose root
     partition can't be accessed by the BIOS.

  ·  The next sample file is used to access huge disks, that neither the
     BIOS nor DOS can access easily (this one is somehow outdated).

  ·  The last example shows how to restore a damaged disk, if the damage
     resulted from installing another operating system).


  The last three examples are by Cameron, cls@truffula.sj.ca.us, who
  wrote the original document. Alessandro rubini@linux.it doesn't run
  anything but Linux, so he can't check nor update them by himself.
  Needless to say, any feedback is welcome.



  2.  Background Information and Standard Installation

  When Lilo boots the system, it uses BIOS calls to load the Linux
  kernel off the disk (IDE drive, floppy or whatever). Therefore, the
  kernel must live in some place that can be accessed by the bios.
  At boot time, Lilo is not able to read filesystem data, and any
  pathname you put in /etc/lilo.conf is resolved at installation time
  (when you invoke /sbin/lilo). Installation time is when the program
  builds the tables that list which sectors are used by the files used
  to load the operating system. As a consequence, all of these files
  must live in a partition that can be accessed by the BIOS (the files
  are usually located in the /boot directory, this means that only the
  root partition of your Linux system needs to be accessed via the
  BIOS).


  Another consequence of being BIOS-based is that you must reinstall the
  loader (i.e., you must reinvoke /sbin/lilo) any time you modify the
  Lilo setup. Whenever you recompile your kernel and overwrite your old
  image you must reinstall Lilo.


  2.1.  Where Should I Install Lilo?

  The boot= directive in /etc/lilo.conf tells Lilo where it should place
  its primary boot loader. In general, you can either specify the master
  boot record (/dev/hda) or the root partition of your Linux
  installation (is usually is /dev/hda1 or /dev/hda2).


  If you have another operating system installed in your hard drive,
  you'd better install Lilo to the root partition instead of the MBR. In
  this case, you must mark the partition as ``bootable'' using the ``a''
  command of fdisk or the ``b'' command of cfdisk.  If you don't
  overwrite the master boot sector you'll find it easier to uninstall
  Linux and Lilo if needed.


  Of course, you always have a way to avoid some "rules" like above.
  Well, you may install Lilo to the MBR even if you already have another
  operating system installed there. For example, if you installed
  Windows NT 4.0 as the first operating system on your machine, then
  NT's boot loader was placed into the MBR so you were able to boot NT
  without problems. After you installed Linux and chose to install Lilo
  to the MBR, Lilo rewrote NT's boot loader.  Next time you boot your
  machine, you won't be able to boot NT. But, that is no problem. You
  should edit your /etc/lilo.conf and add a new entry for NT. Next time
  you re-boot your system, there will be the new added NT entry under
  Lilo menu. The same thing happened when I installed Windows 2000
  instead of Windows NT.


  2.2.  How Should I Configure my IDE Hard Drives?

  I personally don't use LBA or LARGE settings in the BIOS (but I only
  run Linux); they are horrible kludges forced on by design deficiencies
  in the PC world. This requires that the kernel lives in the first 1024
  cylinders, but this is not a problem as long as you partition your
  hard drives and keep root small (as you should do anyways).


  If your hard disk already carries another operating system, you won't
  be able to modify the BIOS settings, or the old system won't work any
  more. All recent Lilo distribution are able to deal with LBA and LARGE
  disk settings.


  Note that the "linear" keyword in /etc/lilo.conf can help in dealing
  with geometry problems. The keyword instructs Lilo to use linear
  sector addresses instead of sector/head/cylinder tuples.  Conversion
  to 3D addresses is delayed to run-time, therefore making the setup
  more immune to geometry problems.


  If you have more than one hard disk and some of them are only used by
  Linux and are not involved in the boot process, you can tell your BIOS
  that they are not installed. Your system will boot more quickly and
  Linux will autodetect all the disks in no time. I often switch disks
  in my computers, but I never touch the BIOS configuration.


  2.3.  How Can I Interact at Boot Time?

  When you see the Lilo prompt, you can hit the  <Tab>  key to show the
  list of possible choices. If Lilo is not configured to be interactive,
  press and hold the  <Alt> or <Shift>  key before the ``LILO'' message
  appears.


  If you choose to boot a Linux kernel, you can add command-line
  arguments after the name of the system you choose. The kernel accepts
  many command-line arguments. All the arguments are listed in the
  ``BootPrompt-HOWTO'' by Paul Gortmaker, and I won't replicate it here.
  A few command line arguments, however, are particularly important and
  worth describing here:


  ·  root=: you can tell the Linux kernel to mount as root a different
     partition than the one appearing in /lilo.conf.  For example, my
     system has a tiny partition hosting a minimal Linux installation,
     and I've been able to boot the system after destroying my root
     partition by mistake.

  ·  init=: version 1.3.43 and newer of the Linux kernel can execute
     another command instead of /sbin/init, as specified on the command
     line. If you experience bad problems during the boot process, you
     can access the bare system by specifying init=/bin/sh (when you are
     at the shell prompt you most likely will need to mount your disks:
     try ``mount -w -n -o remount /; mount -a'', and remember to
     ``umount -a'' before turning off the computer).

  ·  A number: by specifying a number on the kernel command line, you
     instruct init to enter a specific run-level (the default is usually
     3 or 2, according to the distribution you chose).  Refer to the
     init documentation, to /etc/inittab and to /etc/rc*.d to probe
     further.


  2.4.  How Can I Uninstall Lilo?

  When Lilo overwrites a boot sector, it saves a backup copy in
  /boot/boot.xxyy, where xxyy are the major and minor numbers of the
  device, in hex. You can see the major and minor numbers of your disk
  or partition by running ``ls -l /dev//device''. For example, the first
  sector of /dev/hda (major 3, minor 0) will be saved in
  /boot/boot.0300, installing Lilo on /dev/fd0 creates /boot/boot.0200
  and installing on /dev/sdb3 (major 8, minor 19) creates
  /boot/boot.0813. Note that Lilo won't create the file if there is
  already one so you don't need to care about the backup copy whenever
  you reinstall Lilo (for example, after recompiling your kernel). The
  backup copies found in /boot/ are always the snapshot of the situation
  before installing any Lilo.


  If you ever need to uninstall Lilo (for example, in the unfortunate
  case you need to uninstall Linux), you just need to restore the
  original boot sector. If Lilo is installed in /dev/hda, just do ``dd
  if=/boot/boot.0300 of=/dev/hda bs=446 count=1'' (I personally just do
  ``cat /boot/boot.0300 > /dev/hda'', but this is not safe, as this will
  restore the original partition table as well, which you might have
  modified in the meanwhile). This command is much easier to run than
  trying ``fdisk /mbr'' from a DOS shell: it allows you to cleanly
  remove Linux from a disk without ever booting anything but Linux.
  After removing Lilo remember to run Linux' fdisk to destroy any Linux
  partition (DOS' fdisk is unable to remove non-dos partitions).


  If you installed Lilo on your root partition (e.g., /dev/hda2),
  nothing special needs to be done to uninstall Lilo.  Just run Linux'
  fdisk to remove Linux partitions from the partition table. You must
  also mark the DOS partition as bootable.


  2.5.  How to make a ram disk?

  Notice: If you find the next section difficult to read, you may also
  look for the web page:
  http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/partition/ramdisk.html where you
  would find the "original" of this contribution ...


  by Tony Harris

  16 Oct 2000

  ram disk eenie-weenie HOWTO


  If your root file system is on a device for which your kernel has no
  compiled-in driver, you will need to use lilo to load that driver as a
  module very early in the boot cycle.  There are only two easy steps:


  ·  make a ram disk image with /mkinitrd

  ·  modify lilo.conf to point to the image

  First, I cd over to /boot:



  System.map                  chain.b                module-info-2.2.16-3ext3
  System.map-2.2.16-3         initrd-2.2.16-3.img    vmlinux-2.2.16-3
  System.map-2.2.16-3ext3     vmlinux-2.2.16-3ext3
  vmlinuz                     kernel.h
  boot.b                      map                    vmlinuz-2.2.16-3
  bz.2.2.15.juke.Image        module-info            vmlinuz-2.2.16-3ext3
  bzImage-2.2.14              module-info-2.2.16-3



  Here you can see that I have a 2.2.16-3 kernel and I have added a
  second kernel with ext3 support (vmlinuz-2.2.16-3ext3). There is
  already a ram disk image for my first kernel (initrd-2.2.16-3.img)

  To make a new image for the second kernel, I type the following (stuff
  I type is in bold):

  boot# mkinitrd initrd-2.2-16-3ext3.img 2.2.16-3ext3

  mkinitrd is a shellscript that looks at the modules needed by my
  kernel, then makes an ext2 filesystem containing them.  If we look
  inside the image we see this is the case:

  boot# cat initrd-2.2.16-3ext3.img | gunzip > /tmp/myimage

  boot# file /tmp/myimage

  /tmp/myimage: Linux/i386 ext2 filesystem/


  You do not have to look inside your image. Only making the image and
  modifying lilo.conf are necessary steps. However, discussion of the
  ramdisk image is provided for pedagogic purposes.

  In order to look inside, I need to mount the image as though it were a
  filesystem:

  boot# mount /tmp/myimage /mnt/tmp -t ext2 -o loop=/dev/loop3

  boot# ls /mnt/tmp

  bin  dev  etc  lib  linuxrc

  boot# find /mnt/tmp

  mnt/tmp/

  mnt/tmp/lib/

  mnt/tmp/lib/aic7xxx.o/

  mnt/tmp/bin/

  mnt/tmp/bin/sh/

  mnt/tmp/bin/insmod/

  mnt/tmp/etc/

  mnt/tmp/dev/

  mnt/tmp/dev/console/

  mnt/tmp/dev/null/

  mnt/tmp/dev/ram/

  mnt/tmp/dev/systty/

  mnt/tmp/dev/tty1/

  mnt/tmp/dev/tty2/

  mnt/tmp/dev/tty3/

  mnt/tmp/dev/tty4/

  mnt/tmp/linuxrc/

  The most important part of this ram disk image is aic7xxx.o, which is
  my scsi module.

  Finally, I move on to the last step, modifying /etc/lilo.conf:

  Here is my entry in lilo.conf that corresponds to the kernel and image
  I just created:

  image=boot/vmlinuz-2.2.16-3ext3/

  label=linux.ext3

  initrd=boot/initrd-2.2.16-3ext3.img/

  read-only

  root=dev/hdb3/

  That's it. Run /lilo as root and reboot.


  If you have problems, check out the kernel HOWTO. There are a couple
  things you need to have covered: you need your kernel modules compiled
  and living in /etc/conf.modules.



  3.  The Simple Configuration

  Most Lilo installations use a configuration file like the following
  one:


  boot = /dev/hda   # or your root partition
  delay = 10        # delay, in tenth of a second (so you can interact)
  vga = 0           # optional. Use "vga=1" to get 80x50
  #linear           # try "linear" in case of geometry problems.

  image = /boot/vmlinux  # your zImage file
    root = /dev/hda1     # your root partition
    label = Linux        # or any fancy name
    read-only            # mount root read-only

  other = /dev/hda4   # your dos partition, if any
    table = /dev/hda  # the current partition table
    label = dos       # or any non-fancy name



  You can have multiple ``image'' and ``other'' sections if you want.
  It's not uncommon to have several kernel images configured in your
  lilo.conf, at least if you keep up to date with kernel development.


  3.1.  How to Deal with Big Kernels

  If you compile a ``zImage'' kernel and it is too big to fit in half a
  megabyte (this is common with new 2.1 kernels), you should build a
  ``big zImage'' instead: ``make bzImage''. To boot a big kernel image
  nothing special is needed, but you need version 18 or newer of Lilo.
  If your installation is older, you should upgrade your Lilo package.


  3.2.  How to boot Windows NT from 'LILO boot:' menu

  Here I will give you an order of routines you have to do if you want
  to have both Linux and NT entries under Lilo menu:


  ·  First of all, I would suggest you to install a fresh copy of
     Windows NT 4.0 on your hard disk. I suppose that you already made a
     backup of your important data, so the NT installation shouldn't be
     a problem. During the NT installation, setup is not going to ask
     you where to place NT's boot loader, so it would be placed into the
     MBR (Master Boot Record) of your hard disk. But, there is a
     possibility for a previous content of the MBR to remain within the
     MBR (especially any previous Lilo), so I would suggest you (before
     installation of NT) to boot the computer with a DOS floppy diskette
     having DOS version of FDISK. At the prompt a:\  just enter the
     command: fdisk /mbr and restart the computer again (without that
     floppy).



  ·  After you have successfully installed your NT, you will see that it
     uses the whole hard disk or a specific partition of the hard disk
     (depending on what you decided during the setup process).  So, it
     is advisable to 'shrink' the partition where NT resides in order to
     make some free space on the disk. Onto that free space you will
     install your Linux. After you have your NT configured and running,
     you have to boot your computer using a floppy diskette with
     Partition Magic utility by Power Quest. It is a graphical tool able
     to see all partitions on all hard disks you have. The best thing is
     that you can make some changes with your partitions but not to
     destroy your existing data. One of the available changes is to make
     your existing partition(s) smaller, so to get some free space on
     the disk(s) for other purposes.  Although you are advised to make a
     backup before you make any changes to the partitions, I usually
     practice to 'shrink' NT's partition before I installed anything but
     NT itself (so, if needed, a repetitive re-installation wouldn't be
     a problem).  Well, Partition Magic (or any other similar utility
     you are familiar with) will shrink your NT's partition (either NTFS
     or FAT) to a smaller measure and place it to either the beginning
     or to the end of the previous measure. It means that you may choose
     to have your 'shrinked' NT partition at the beginning or at the end
     of your disk (I usually choose NT to be at the beginning, so the
     ending part of the disk will become a 'free space'). After the
     'shrinking' is finished, you may re-boot your NT in order to check
     the new situation: you may use Windows Explorer or Disk
     Administrator for that.



  ·  So far so good. Next step is to install your Linux. Case you are
     familiar with RedHat distribution (I hope with other distros is the
     same or similar), you start by putting your installation CD in the
     drive and re-boot the computer). Well, when you are about to choose
     what type of installation it will be (Gnome or KDE Workstation,
     Custom, etc.) you may choose whatever you planned before, but I
     would suggest to install a Workstation at first.  This is good
     because Linux setup will find automatically the free space on the
     (first) hard disk, make all partitions needed for Linux, format
     them properly, make majority of option by default so you won't have
     much pain during the setup (later, if you want, you may either to
     add missing components or re-install Linux as Custom over the
     existing linux partitions). Lilo should go to the MBR.



  ·  After it looks that Linux installation is finished, you are going
     to re-start the computer and there there you will only see Lilo
     with one Linux entry to boot (or maybe more than one Linux entry,
     in case your hardware is multi-processor one). But, don't panic!
     Your Windows NT is still there where you had installed it before
     Linux. You should become some familiar with Linux as soon as
     possible, in order to be able to find and edit your new
     /etc/lilo.conf file. When you open this file for the first time,
     you'll see that there is only one (or more) Linux entry. Well, you
     should know the exact position (read: a partition) where Windows NT
     has been installed, so you could add an appropriate entry into
     /etc/lilo.conf file. After you do that, restart Lilo and, after the
     next re-boot, you will have both 'linux' and 'nt' entries under
     Lilo menu.


  3.3.  How to boot Windows 2000 from 'LILO boot:' menu

  Well, you may use the same procedure as described above.  I suggest
  you to read Linux+WindowsNT <http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Linux+WinNT.html>
  mini-HOWTO that also talks about booting Windows 2000, which is
  installed on the same part of disk where Windows NT was before. There
  you'll find many useful details regarding various Linux+WinNT/2000/98
  combinations.



  4.  Installing hdc  to Boot as hda  and Using bios=

  Lilo allows to map the kernel image from one disk and instruct the
  BIOS to retrieve it from another disk. For example, it's common for me
  to install Linux on a disk I connect to hdc (master disk of secondary
  controller) and boot it as a standalong system on the primary IDE
  controller of another computer. I copied the installation floppy to a
  tiny partition, so I can run chroot in a virtual console to install
  hdc while I use the system to do something else.


  The lilo.conf file I use to install Lilo looks like:


  # This file must be used from a system running off /dev/hdc
  boot = /dev/hdc   # overwrite MBR of hdc
  disk = /dev/hdc   # tell how hdc will look like:
     bios = 0x80    #  the bios will see it as first drive
  delay = 0
  vga = 0

  image = /boot/vmlinux  # this is on /dev/hdc1
    root = /dev/hda1     # but at boot it will be hda1
    label = Linux
    read-only



  This configuration file must be read by a Lilo running off /dev/hdc1.
  The Lilo maps that get written the boot sector (/dev/hdc) must refer
  to the files in /boot (currently installed as hdc); such files will be
  accessed under hda when this disk will be booted as a standalone
  system.


  I call this configuration file /mnt/etc/lilo.conf.hdc (/mnt is where
  hdc is mounted during the installation. I install Lilo by invoking
  ``cd /mnt; chroot . sbin/lilo -C /etc/lilo.conf.hdc''. Refer to the
  manual page for chroot if this looks magic.


  The ``bios='' directive in lilo.conf is used to tell Lilo what the
  BIOS thinks of your devices. BIOS calls identify floppy disks and hard
  drives with a number: 0x00 and 0x01 select the floppy drives, 0x80 and
  the following numbers select hard disks (old BIOS-es can only access
  two disks). The meaning of ``bios = 0x80 in the previous sample file
  is therefore ``use 0x80 in your BIOS calls for /dev/hdc''.

  This Lilo directive can be handy in other situations, for example when
  your BIOS is able to boot from SCSI disks instead of IDE ones. When
  both IDE and SCSI devices are there, Lilo can't tell whether 0x80 will
  refer to one or the other because the user is able to choose it in the
  BIOS configuration menus, and the BIOS can't be accessed while Linux
  is running.


  By default, Lilo assumes that IDE drives are mapped first by the BIOS,
  but this can be overridden by using instructions like these in
  /etc/lilo.conf:


  disk = /dev/sda
    bios = 0x80



  5.  Using Lilo When the BIOS Can't See the Root Partition

  I have two IDE drives, and a SCSI drive.  The SCSI drive can't be seen
  from BIOS.  The Linux Loader, Lilo, uses BIOS calls and can only see
  drives that BIOS can see.  My stupid AMI BIOS will only boot from "A:"
  or "C:" My root file system is on a partition on the SCSI drive.


  The solution consists in storing the kernel, map file, and chain
  loader in a Linux partition on the first IDE.  Notice that it is not
  necessary to keep your kernel on your root partition.


  The second partition on my first IDE (/dev/hda2, the Linux partition
  used to boot the system) is mounted on /u2.  Here is the
  /etc/lilo.conf file I used.



  #  Install Lilo on the Master Boot Record
  #  on the first IDE.
  #
  boot = /dev/hda
  #  /sbin/lilo (the installer) copies the Lilo boot record
  #  from the following file to the MBR location.
  install = /u2/etc/lilo/boot.b
  #
  #  I wrote a verbose boot menu.  Lilo finds it here.
  message = /u2/etc/lilo/message
  #  The installer will build the following file. It tells
  #  the boot-loader where the blocks of the kernels are.
  map = /u2/etc/lilo/map
  compact
  prompt
  #  Wait 10 seconds, then boot the 1.2.1 kernel by default.
  timeout = 100
  #  The kernel is stored where BIOS can see it by doing this:
  #      cp -p /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/zImage /u2/z1.2.1
  image = /u2/z1.2.1
          label = 1.2.1
  #  Lilo tells the kernel to mount the first SCSI partition
  #  as root.  BIOS does not have to be able to see it.
          root = /dev/sda1
  #  This partition will be checked and remounted by /etc/rc.d/rc.S
          read-only
  #  I kept an old Slackware kernel lying around in case I built a
  #  kernel that doesn't work.  I actually needed this once.
  image = /u2/z1.0.9
          label = 1.0.9
          root = /dev/sda1
          read-only
  #  My DR-DOS 6 partition.
  other = /dev/hda1
          loader=/u2/etc/lilo/chain.b
          label = dos
          alias = m



  6.  How do i know the BIOS number for my SCSI disks

  The contribution from Marc Tanguy (mtanguy@ens.uvsq.fr), 2001-09-27



  6.1.  The theory

  Actually, it exists two ways to know it :


  If you have an adaptec scsi card (2940u2, 29160, 39160), you simply
  use the 'diagnose' mode (using BIOS v3.10.0 recommended). It must be
  activated in the scsi card BIOS menu.  Then you just have to wait and
  see something like :


  ...     ID     LUN     Vendor      Product       Rev      Size     Sync     Bus    HD#
  ...     0      0       QUANTUM     ATLAS10K2     DDD6     17GB     160      16     80h
  ...     1      0       QUANTUM     ATLAS10K2     DDD6     17GB     160      16     81h
  ...     2      0       IBM         DDRS          DC1B     4GB      80       16     82h
  ...     3      0       IBM         DNES          SAH0     9GB      80       16     83h


  If you don't own an adaptec card, you have to know what is the
  'booting' disk (usually ID 0, but not necessary, it can be defined in
  the scsi card BIOS) where LILO is going to be found and start : this
  is the first disk so it has number 0x80.  Then it's very simple, the
  BIOS follows the IDs.


  By example :


  ID 0 -> boot  -> 0x80
  ID 1 -> empty
  ID 2 -> disk  -> 0x81
  ID 3 -> disk  -> 0x82



  or


  ID 0 -> disk  -> 0x81
  ID 1 -> empty
  ID 2 -> disk  -> 0x82
  ID 3 -> boot  -> 0x80
  ID 4 -> disk  -> 0x83



  This part doesn't care at all of what is installed on the scsi drives.
  But you should note that if you use an ID higher than the SCSI adapter
  it c an be a problem. So you should always try to set the SCSI adapter
  ID after the SCSI devices IDs.



  6.2.  How to swap linux and NT booting ?

  OK, but NT must be the first disk to boot, so i want it in 0x80, but i
  already have LILO and a full ext2 only drive on 0x80 and my NT drive
  is in 0x83. How can i 'swap' linux and NT ?  This a very easy : you
  just have to tell BIOS that NT drive is now 0x80 and the Linux drive
  is 0x83.


  other=/dev/sdd1
        label=nt
        map-drive = 0x83
        to = 0x80
        map-drive = 0x80
        to = 0x83



  This change will produce a warning :

    Warning: BIOS drive 0x8? may not be accessible



  but if you know what you are doing it will run without problem.

  I used it on this configuration which has a Red Hat Linux 7.1 and a
  Windows 2000 Pro :


  Name        Flags      Part Type  FS Type          [Label]        Size (MB)

  Disk Drive: /dev/sda - 0x80
  sda1        Boot        Primary   Linux ext2       [/boot]            24.68
  sda2                    Primary   Linux Swap                         139.83
  sda3                    Primary   Linux ext2       [/usr]           3150.29
  sda4                    Primary   Linux ext2       [/home]         15044.04

  Disk Drive: /dev/sdb - 0x81
  sdb1                    Primary   Linux Swap                         139.83
  sdb2                    Primary   Linux ext2       [/]              3150.29
  sdb3                    Primary   Linux ext2       [/opt]           1052.84
  sdb4                    Primary   Linux ext2       [/public]       14015.88

  Disk Drive: /dev/sdc - 0x82
  sdc1                    Primary   Linux ext2       [/var]           1052.84
  sdc2                    Primary   Linux ext2       [/tmp]            106.93
  sdc3                    Primary   Linux ext2       [/cache]         1052.84
  sdc4                    Primary   Linux ext2       [/chroot]        2352.44

  Disk Drive: /dev/sdd - 0x83
  sdd1        Boot        Primary   NTFS             [WINDOWS_2000]   9162.97



  My full /etc/lilo.conf :

  boot=/dev/sda
  map=/boot/map
  install=/boot/boot.b
  prompt
  default=Linux
  read-only
  compact
  image=/boot/vmlinuz
    label=Linux
    root=/dev/sdb2
  other=/dev/sdd1
    label=Windows
    map-drive = 0x83
    to = 0x80
    map-drive = 0x80
    to = 0x83



  6.3.  Miscellaneous

  I just plugged a new scsi drive, and now LILO refuse to boot, what's
  going on ?

  When you plug a disk, you must be careful with the IDs. If you add a
  drive between two already plugged disks the BIOS numbers are changed :


           Before            ---->             After
  scsi id -       - BIOS id        scsi id -          - BIOS id
  ID 0    - disk  - 0x80           ID 0    - disk     - 0x80
  ID 1    - empty                  ID 1    - new disk - 0x81
  ID 2    - disk  - 0x81           ID 2    - disk     - 0x82 !!



  If you change the BIOS ids, you have to re-evaluate them.



  7.  Accessing Huge Disks When the BIOS Can't

  Notice: 1GB is "Huge"? Well, once upon a time...


  The system in my office has a 1GB IDE drive.  The BIOS can only see
  the first 504 MB of the IDE.  (Where MB means 2**10 bytes, not 10**6
  bytes.)  So I have MS-DOS on a 350 MB partition /dev/hda1 and my Linux
  root on a 120 MB partition /dev/hda2.


  Hauke Laging (hauke@laging.de) and Bob Hall (bhall@hallfire.org) have
  noticed a small mistake above, so they've suggested a MB to be 2**20
  bytes rather than 2**10 bytes. Thanks for correction. In addition,
  Hauke would like to learn more about what he called, "character codes
  on LILO startup, when LILO dies with LI, LI-, LIL- or whatever". I'd
  appreciate a contribution related to this issue or a valid web link to
  that.


  Here it is (a contribution by Zohar Stolar, zohar@numericable.fr):

  B. LILO boot error codes

  http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO/a1483.html
  <http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO/a1483.html>



  Thanks for link.


  MS-DOS was unable to install itself correctly when the drive was
  fresh.  Novell DOS 7 had the same problem.  Luckily for me, "Options
  by IBM" forgot to put the "OnTrack" diskette in the box with the
  drive.  The drive was supposed to come with a product called "OnTrack
  Disk Manager."  If you only have MSDOS, I guess you have to use it.


  So I made a partition table with Linux' fdisk.  MSDOS-6.2 refused to
  install itself in /dev/hda1.  It said something like ``this release of
  MS-DOS is for new installations.  Your computer already has MS-DOS so
  you need to get an upgrade release from your dealer.''  Actually, the
  disk was brand new.


  What a crock!  So I ran Linux' fdisk again and deleted partition 1
  from the table.  This satisfied MS-DOS 6.2 which proceeded to create
  the exact same partition 1 I had just deleted and installed itself.
  MS-DOS 6.2 wrote its Master Boot Record on the drive, but it couldn't
  boot.


  Luckily I had a Slackware kernel on floppy (made by the Slackware
  installation program "setup"), so I booted Linux and wrote Lilo over
  MS-DOS' broken MBR.  This works.  Here is the /etc/lilo.conf file I
  used:



  boot = /dev/hda
  map = /lilo-map
  delay = 100
  ramdisk = 0             # Turns off ramdisk in Slackware kernel
  timeout = 100
  prompt
  disk = /dev/hda         # BIOS only sees first 500 MB.
     bios = 0x80          # specifies the first IDE.
     sectors = 63         # get the numbers from your drive's docs.
     heads = 16
     cylinders = 2100
  image = /vmlinuz
    append = "hd=2100,16,63"
    root = /dev/hda2
    label = linux
    read-only
    vga = extended
  other = /dev/hda1
    label = msdos
    table = /dev/hda
    loader = /boot/chain.b



  After I installed these systems, I verified that the partition
  containing the zImage, boot.b, map, chain.b, and message files can use
  an msdos file system, as long as it is not "stackered" or
  "doublespaced."  So I could have made the DOS partition on /dev/hda1
  500 MB.


  I have also learned that "OnTrack" would have written a partition
  table starting a few dozen bytes into the drive, instead of at the
  beginning, and it is possible to hack the Linux IDE driver to work
  around this problem.  But installing would have been impossible with
  the precompiled Slackware kernel.  Eventually, IBM sent me an
  "OnTrack" diskette.  I called OnTrack's technical support.  They told
  me Linux is broken because Linux doesn't use BIOS.  I gave their
  diskette away.



  8.  Booting from a Rescue Floppy

  Next, I installed Windows-95 on my office system.  It blew away my
  nice Lilo MBR, but it left my Linux partitions alone.  Kernels take a
  long time to load from floppy, so I made a floppy with a working Lilo
  setup on it, which could boot my kernel from the IDE.

  I made the lilo floppy like so:

    fdformat /dev/fd0H1440      #  lay tracks on virgin diskette
    mkfs -t minix /dev/fd0 1440 #  make file system of type minix
    mount /dev/fd0 /mnt         #  mount in the standard tmp mount point
    cp -p /boot/chain.b /mnt    #  copy the chain loader over
    lilo -C /etc/lilo.flop      #  install Lilo and the map on the diskette.
    umount /mnt



  Notice that the diskette must be mounted when you run the installer so
  that Lilo can write its map file properly.


  This file is /etc/lilo.flop.  It's almost the same as the last one:


  #  Makes a floppy that can boot kernels from HD.
  boot = /dev/fd0
  map = /mnt/lilo-map
  delay = 100
  ramdisk = 0
  timeout = 100
  prompt
  disk = /dev/hda     # 1 GB IDE, BIOS only sees first 500 MB.
     bios=0x80
     sectors = 63
     heads = 16
     cylinders = 2100
  image = /vmlinuz
    append = "hd=2100,16,63"
    root = /dev/hda2
    label = linux
    read-only
    vga = extended
  other = /dev/hda1
    label = msdos
    table = /dev/hda
    loader = /mnt/chain.b



  Finally, I needed MS-DOS 6.2 on my office system, but I didn't want to
  touch the first drive.  I added a SCSI controller and drive, made an
  msdos file system on it with Linux' mkdosfs, and Windows-95 sees it as
  "D:".   But of course MSDOS will not boot off of D:.  This is not a
  problem when you have Lilo.  I added the following to the lilo.conf in
  Example 2.


  other = /dev/sda1
    label = d6.2
    table = /dev/sda
    loader = /boot/any_d.b



  With this modification MSDOS-6.2 runs, and it thinks it is on C: and
  Windows-95 is on D:.



  9.  LILO after the installation of Mandrake Linux 9.1 on HP products

  2003-11-19


  9.1.  Description of the products used in this experiment

  Notice: Folks, that part is NOT a commercial for HP production of any
  means! In fact, a series of HP computers I have been using has
  delivered failures in power supply units, problems with hard disks
  etc.  On the other side, laptop's batteries get exhausted earlier than
  expected.  Other than these issues, HP machines are fine.

  HP Omnibook 6000

  A laptop computer Omnibook 6000 is equipped with a 'bootable' DVD
  drive and recently, at an ICT conference, I bought a bootable DVD-ROM
  with Mandrake Linux 9.1 installation. After booting the laptop with
  that bootable DVD, it gets directly to the Linux installation menu.


  HP Vectra VL420 (used as a server)

  In opposite, an HP Vectra VL420 doesn't have a DVD drive (it only has
  a CD drive), so the direct installation from that particular
  installation DVD is not possible. But, an option of making a bootable
  floppy disk for starting the installation procedure is possible. In
  fact, several boot images are available for those users who don't have
  (bootable or not) DVD drive. One of the images is a 'network' one.
  That means, in a local area network there has to be either a NFS, FTP
  or HTTP server from which the installation will take place.


  HP Vectra VL420 (used as a workstation)

  Another VL420 desktop system I also use, has a spare HDD from a
  previous Windows 2000 server installation (actually, that IDE disk was
  moved from the other computer where it was a primary one and here it
  is the second one disk for backup data). The nice things is that it
  has a HTTP and FTP servers installed (of course, usable if the system
  is boot from that disk).  That was good so I could use one of these
  servers now.

  So, I made a 'network' bootable floppy and booted the first Vectra
  VL420 (intended to be a Linux server) with it. After a while, it came
  to a point to choose the installation method (NFS or FTP or HTTP
  server). At first, I wanted to use the second 'spare' HTTP server at
  the other Vectra mentioned above, but regardless of what permission I
  tried to give to the 'Everyone' group of Windows users, I always got
  the following answer from the Linux setup:

  Error: Couldn't get file ... (or something like that)

  Then I tried to use the FTP 'spare' server from the second Vectra and
  at first it also asked for local and remote IP addresses. That time
  successfully, it started to load a part of the remote Linux files into
  its memory without any complaint. Soon after, it came to the very same
  position as Omnibook 6000 did: it got directly to the installation
  menu, asking a user to choose a language for the installation use.

  >From that point, the setup process was almost the same...

  I have chosen/confirmed the following items:

  - a language to use, besides English(American) as default: I added
  Unicode and Serbian (both Cyrillic and Latin); - a mouse and keyboard;
  - a security level - I accepted defaults: 'Standard' for laptop and
  'Higher' for server;

  The next important task was to choose one of DrakX partitioning
  options:

  - for laptop I chose the 'Use the free space on the Windows
  partition', because the laptop has one IDE hard disk and I wanted it
  to use a part of it for Linux (besides existing Windows 2000 Prof.
  already installed). Windows' Disk Management reported:



  Disk 0  15      MB      FAT     (HP Diagnostics or like)
          7.13    GB      FAT32   (C: "HPNOTEBOOK")
          20.80   GB      Free space

  The two partitions (FAT & FAT32) were made during the installation
  procedure using HP's supplied installation CD's.

  At the first moment, Linux setup complained that my Windows partition
  "was too fragmented" and required me to reboot under Windows, run the
  "defrag" utility, then restart the Mandrake Linux installation.  The
  defragmentation process have taken cca. 1.5 hour to be completed!
  When restarted the setup, it wanted to use 7.13 GB Windows partition,
  instead of 20.80 GB. I chose to 'Use the free space'. Then it made
  partitions for Linux: /dev/hda5 and /dev/hda7.

  - for Vectra VL420 I used 'Custom disk partitioning' because there I
  had two SCSI disks, one of them running Windows 2000 Server already
  installed, and the other one I wanted to use entirely for a Linux
  server. BTW, I wasn't sure what the option 'Erase entire disk' would
  do during its next step (erase a whole disk or a partition?), although
  it also may be the proper solution too. DrakX recognized the two SCSI
  disks as sda and sdb and I chose sdb to install Linux. The first step
  was to 'Clear all' and after that to 'Auto allocate' the space on that
  second disk.  Finally, after a 'Done' it appeared to make /dev/sdb1
  and /dev/sdb6 Linux partitions.


  9.2.  What does LILO looks like on these HP products

  HP Omnibook 6000



  boot=/dev/hda
  map=/boot/map
  vga=normal
  default="windows"
  keytable=/boot/us.klt
  prompt
  nowarn
  timeout=100
  message=/boot/message
  menu-scheme=wb:bw:wb:bw
  image=/boot/vmlinuz
          label="linux"
          root=/dev/hda5
          initrd=/boot/initrd.img
          append="quiet devfs=mount acpi=off"
          read-only
  image=/boot/vmlinuz
          label="failsafe"
          root=/dev/hda5
          initrd=/boot/initrd.img
          append="failsafe devfs=nomount acpi=off"
          read-only
  other=/dev/hda2                                 <--- /dev/hda1 seems to be reserved for some HP diags.
          label="windows"
          table=/dev/hda
  other=/dev/fd0
          label="floppy"
          unsafe



  HP Vectra VL420 (installed as a desktop client Linux system)



  boot=/dev/hda
  map=/boot/map
  vga=normal
  default="windows"
  keytable=/boot/us.klt
  prompt
  nowarn
  timeout=100
  message=/boot/message
  menu-scheme=wb:bw:wb:bw
  image=/boot/vmlinuz
          label="linux"
          root=/dev/hda5
          initrd=/boot/initrd.img
          append="quiet devfs=mount acpi=off"
          vga=788                                 <--- that line is missing at laptop with LCD screen above.
          read-only
  image=/boot/vmlinuz
          label="linux-nonfb"
          root=/dev/hda5
          initrd=/boot/initrd.img
          append="devfs=mount acpi=off"
          read-only
  image=/boot/vmlinuz
          label="failsafe"
          root=/dev/hda5
          initrd=/boot/initrd.img
          append="failsafe devfs=nomount acpi=off"
          read-only
  other=/dev/hda1                                 <--- /dev/hda1 seems not to be reserved for HP diags here.
          label="windows"                                     There I have Windows 2000 Professional already
          table=/dev/hda                                  installed (probably without HP's supplied CD's).
  other=/dev/hdb1                                 <--- that is the spare disk with Windows 2000 Server.
          label="windows2"                            Actually I had some data on it and used it as a
          table=/dev/hdb                                  second, backup disk on that desktop workstation.
          map-drive=0x80                                  I have never tried to boot the computer from it, but
             to=0x81                                      Mandrake's setup offered it as a boot option.
          map-drive=0x81                                  (And that was useful as a FTP server, needed to install
             to=0x80                                      Mandrake Linux on the other box - without DVD drive too).
  other=/dev/fd0
          label="floppy"
          unsafe



  HP Vectra VL420 (installed as a desktop Linux system with server
  features)



  boot=/dev/sda                                   <--- /dev/sda is the first SCSI disk where LILO resides (MBR).
  map=/boot/map
  vga=normal
  default="windows"
  keytable=/boot/us.klt
  prompt
  nowarn
  timeout=100
  message=/boot/message
  menu-scheme=wb:bw:wb:bw
  image=/boot/vmlinuz
          label="linux"
          root=/dev/sdb1                          <--- /dev/sdb1 is the second SCSI disk where Linux resides.
          initrd=/boot/initrd.img
          append="quiet devfs=mount acpi=off"
          vga=788
          read-only
  image=/boot/vmlinuz
          label="linux-nonfb"
          root=/dev/sdb1
          initrd=/boot/initrd.img
          append="devfs=mount acpi=off"
          read-only
  image=/boot/vmlinuz-secure
          label="linux-secure"                        <--- something related to the Linux server security?
          root=/dev/sdb1
          initrd=/boot/initrd-secure.img
          append="quiet devfs=mount acpi=off"
          read-only
  image=/boot/vmlinuz
          label="failsafe"
          root=/dev/sdb1
          initrd=/boot/initrd.img
          append="failsafe devfs=nomount acpi=off"
          read-only
  other=/dev/sda1                                 <--- /dev/sda1 is the first partition on the first SCSI disk where Windows resides.
          label="windows"
          table=/dev/sda



  9.3.  Conclusions

  >From the examples above, you could see that I have been using various
  computer forms with also various types of hard disk.  Somewhere there
  is only one IDE drive, somewhere else there are two of them, otherwise
  there are a couple of SCSI drives etc. Regardless of that, I always
  tried to put LILO into the MBR - located on the first disk. Now it
  looks like that Linux finally managed to solve the old 1024 cyl
  problem. In fact, LILO seems to be capable to boot Linux regardless it
  is placed close to the rest of Linux partitions or not.


  There are some other considerations related to the experiment above,
  but they are part of the other fine document: Linux+WindowsNT
  <http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Linux+WinNT.html> mini-HOWTO.



  10.  Bibliography

  2009-11-08

  Notice: I often participate in various (inter)national ICT conferences
  in Serbia and abroad, presenting technical papers and delivering half-
  day and full-day tutorials, covering basic ideas and useful mission of
  the amateur radio hobby and its possible usage in engineering
  education. What I have been doing is to spread - as much as possible -
  the knowledge about existing open source products, including Linux and
  amateur radio free software. Besides that, I have been writing various
  articles for a variety of scientific and other magazines. Here you
  have the list of those articles and paper topics submitted to the
  conferences.


  In case you want to re-publish or forward my volunteer paper works to
  some journals or other public media around, you are free to contact
  me. Some of my papers are written in Serbian Cyrillic, some of them
  are in English and some of them even combined!



        - "U prilog I.A.C.", MI (the youth scientists' organization
           newspaper), No. 69, 1990.

        - "U prilog I.A.C. (2)", MI (the youth scientists' organization
           newspaper), No. 70, 1990.

        - "Vise od radio-amaterskog hobija", Vojska, No. 163, 1995.

        - "Korak ka zvezdama", Vojska, No. 200, 1996.

        - "Die Gefahr von Innen - Internet gegen Amateurfunk",
           AMSAT-DL Journal, No. 4, Dez./Feb. 96/97.

        - "Kakva nam organizacija (ne) treba?", Radioamater,
           Feb. 1997.

        - "Kakva nam organizacija (ne) treba? (2)", Radioamater,
           Apr./May. 1997.

        - "Sateliti umiru padajuci", Vojska, No. 235, 1997.

        - "The Internet is not the Enemy", QST, Aug. 1998.

        - "Novi radio-amateri za novi vek", Antena, June 2000.

        - "Racunarske komunikacije putem radio-veza i
           zastita pristupa", Bezbednost, No. 3, 2000.

        - "Paket-radio - Racunarske komunikacije putem radio-veza",
           proceedings, "Info-Teh", Vrnjacka Banja, Serbia, 2001.

        - "Racunarske komunikacije putem radio-amaterskih veza",
           proceedings, "YU-Info", Kopaonik, Serbia, 2002.

        - "Computer Communications over radio", presentation,
          "Linux FEST", Belgrade, Serbia, 2002.

        - "Paket-radio - Radio-amaterske digitalne veze",
           proceedings, "Kongres JISA", Herceg Novi, Montenegro, 2002.

        - "Paket-radio (2) - Modemi za radio-veze",
           proceedings, "Info-Teh", Vrnjacka Banja, Serbia, 2002.

        - "Alternativne racunarske mreze", festival catalog,
          "INFOFEST", Budva, Montenegro, 2002.

        - "Alternative computer networks", proceedings, "TELFOR",
           Belgrade, Serbia, 2002.

        - "With rule and regulation improvements to the progress"
           proceedings, "TELFOR", Belgrade, Serbia, 2002.

        - "Racunarske komunikacije putem radio-amaterskih veza (2)",
           proceedings, "YU-Info", Kopaonik, Serbia, 2003.

        - "Racunarske komunikacije putem radio-amaterskih veza (3)",
           proceedings, "YU-Info", Kopaonik, Serbia, 2003.

        - "Paket-radio (3) - Programske mogucnosti na strani servera",
           proceedings, "Info-Teh", Vrnjacka Banja, Serbia, 2003.

        - "Paket-radio (4) - Legal rules and regulations in the amateur
           computer networks", proceedings, "Info-Teh", Vrnjacka Banja,
           Serbia, 2003.

        - "Packet-radio (2) - With rule and regulation improvements to the progress",
           proceedings, "Kongres JISA", Herceg Novi, Montenegro, 2003.

        - "Alternativne racunarske mreze (2)", festival catalog,
          "INFOFEST", Budva, Montenegro, 2003.

        - "Alternativne racunarske komunikacije putem radio-veza",
           Info M, 6-7/2003.

        - "Legal Rules and Regulations in the Amateur Radio Computer Networks",
           proceedings, "22nd ARRL and TAPR Digital Communications Conference",
           Hartford, CT USA, 2003.

        - "Favoritism", IEEE Potentials, Oct/Nov 2003

        - "Alternative computer networks (2)", proceedings, "TELFOR",
           Belgrade, Serbia, 2003.

        - "With rule and regulation improvements to the progress (2)"
           proceedings, "TELFOR", Belgrade, Serbia, 2003.

        - "XI Telekomunikacioni forum - TELFOR 2003", Info M, 8/2003.

        - "Aktivnosti organizacije IEEE Computer Society - YU Chapter"
          Info M, 8/2003.

        - "Yugoslavia IEEE Student Branch", IEEE Region 8 News,
          Vol. 7 No. 1, Feb/Mar 2004

        - "Radio-amaterske racunarske mreze", tutorial, "Info-Teh",
          Vrnjacka Banja, Serbia, 2004.

        - "Radio-amaterske racunarske mreze", tutorial, "Kongres
          JISA", Herceg Novi, Montenegro, 2004.

        - "The Amateur Radio as a Learning Technology in
          Developing Countries", proceedings, "ICALT/TEDC 2004",
          Joensuu, Finland, 2004.

        - "The Amateur Radio in Engineering Education", seminar,
          "IEEE-EESTEC Technical Conference 2004", Arcavacata
          di Rende (Cosenza), Italy, 2004.

        - "The Conference Low-Down", IEEE Potentials, Feb/Mar 2005

        - "ICALT 2004, IEEE Novi Sad SB, Serbia & Montenegro",
          IEEE Region 8 News, Vol. 8 No. 1, Mar 2005

        - "The Conference Low-Down", IEEE Potentials, Apr/May 2005

        - "The Amateur Radio Networking And Computing", proceedings,
          "PSU-UNS ICEE 2005", Novi Sad, Serbia, 2005

        - "Radio-amaterske racunarske mreze", tutorial, "Info-Teh",
          Vrnjacka Banja, Serbia, 2005 (intro: dr D. Surla, PMF)

        - "Radio-veze", round table session, "Kongres JISA", Herceg
          Novi, Montenegro, 2005.

        - "The New Amateur Radio University Network - AMUNET",
          proceedings, "9th WSEAS CSCC Multiconference",
          Vouliagmeni, Athens, Greece, 2005.

        - "The perspectives of the Amateur University Network -
          AMUNET", WSEAS Transactions on Communications, Vol 4,
          pp 834, Sep. 2005.

        - "Conferences in Serbia and Montenegro", IEEE Region 8 News,
          Vol. 8 No. 3, Sep 2005.

        - "The Conference Low-Down", IEEE Potentials, Dec 2005

        - "Divided We Fall", The Institute, IEEE, Dec 2005

        - "University Networking Through the Amateur Radio Communications",
          plenary lecture, "3rd WSEAS/IASME Int. Conf. on Engineering
          Education", Vouliagmeni, Athens, Greece, 2006.

        - "The New Amateur Radio University Network - AMUNET (Part 2)",
          proceedings, "10th WSEAS CSCC Multiconference",
          Vouliagmeni, Athens, Greece, 2006.

        - "University Networking Through the Amateur Radio Communications",
          tutorial, "10th WSEAS CSCC Multiconference",
          Vouliagmeni, Athens, Greece, 2006.

        - "Education in Peril", The Institute, IEEE, Sep 2006

        - "The Conference Low-Down", IEEE Potentials, Dec 2006

        - "Amateur Radio in Engineering Education", tutorial, "Info-Teh",
          Vrnjacka Banja, Serbia, 2007.

        - "Paket-radio (5) - Programske mogucnosti na strani klijenta",
           proceedings, "Info-Teh", Vrnjacka Banja, Serbia, 2007.

        - "Summer Schools on the Amateur Radio Computing", proceedings,
          "12th Annual Conference on Innovation & Technology in Computer
           Science Education", ACM ITiCSE 2007, Dundee, Scotland, 2007.

        - "Amateur Radio in Engineering Education", tutorial, "EUROCON",
          Warsaw, Poland, 2007.

        - "Bringing New Life in Old Computers", proceedings, "26th ARRL
          and TAPR Digital Communications Conference", Hartford, CT USA,
          2007.

        - "The Conference Low-Down", IEEE Potentials, Sep/Oct 2007

        - "My trip to Eurocon - a member's view", IEEE Region 8 News,
          Vol. 10 No. 3, Dec 2007.

        - "Amateur Radio in Engineering Education", tutorial, "Info-Teh",
          Vrnjacka Banja, Serbia, 2008.

        - "Paket-radio (6) - Privatnost podataka i zastita ucesnika u
          radio-amaterskim mrezama", proceedings, "Info-Teh", Vrnjacka
          Banja, Serbia, 2008.

        - "Amateur Radio in Engineering Education",
          tutorial, "5th WSEAS/IASME Int. Conf. on Engineering
          Education", Heraklion, Crete, Greece, 2008.

        - "The New Amateur Radio University Network - AMUNET (Part 3)",
          proceedings, "12th WSEAS CSCC Multiconference",
          Heraklion, Crete, Greece, 2008.

        - "Amateur Radio Telecommunications and Networking in Education",
          tutorial, "IARIA ICWMC 2008", Vouliagmeni, Athens, Greece, 2008.

        - "The Conference Low-Down", IEEE Potentials, Sep/Oct 2008

        - "Amateur Radio in Engineering Education", workshop,
          "TELFOR", Belgrade, Serbia, 2008.

        - "Amateur Radio: More than a hobby!", tutorial,
          "IAENG IMECS 2009", Hong Kong, China, 2009.

        - "Wasted Gear", IEEE Computer, Feb 2009

        - "Amateur Radio: More than a hobby!", tutorial,
          "6th WSEAS/IASME Int. Conf. on Engineering Education",
          Rodos, Greece, 2009.

        - "The New Amateur Radio University Network - AMUNET (Part 4)",
          proceedings, "13th WSEAS CSCC Multiconference",
          Rodos, Greece, 2009.

        - "Amateur Radio in Education", book chapter in "Handbook of
          Research on Human Performance and Instructional Technology",
          ISBN: 978-1-60566-782-9, October 2009



  Besides these articles published and papers presented, I have been
  studying for an M.Sc. degree in computing. I am also the member of the
  following associations: IEEE Computer Society, IEEE Communications
  Society, WSEAS and ACM. In addition, I have been voluntarily working
  on establishing an academic computer network that would use the
  amateur radio stations as the media. Such networks exist somewhere
  else on the globe and I invite their administrators to contact me in
  order to cooperate.



  11.  Further Information


  11.1.  Copyright

  Copyright (c) 2000-2009 by Miroslav "Misko" Skoric, YT7MPB.

  Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
  under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
  any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
  Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover
  Texts. A copy of the license is available from
  http://www.fsf.org/licenses/fdl.html.


  11.2.  Disclaimer


  Use the information in this document at your own risk. I disavow any
  potential liability of this document. Use of the concepts, examples,
  and/or other content of this document is entirely at your own risk.

  All copyrights are owned by their owners, unless specifically noted
  otherwise. Use of a term in this document should not be regarded as
  affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark.

  Naming of particular products or brands should not be seen as
  endorsements.

  You are strongly recommended to take a backup of your system before
  major installation and backups at regular intervals.
  11.3.  News

  In addition to the Lilo docs, there are a number of mini-howto's that
  can be useful for your needs.  All of them are called ``Linux+foobar-
  OS'', for some foobar-OS, they deal with coexistence of Linux and
  other operating system(s). For example, "NT OS Loader + Linux mini-
  HOWTO" by Bernd Reichert, describes how to add an entry for Linux
  under existing Windows NT Loader's menu. Next, you have
  Linux+WindowsNT <http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Linux+WinNT.html> mini-HOWTO
  written by myself, covering how to add an entry for NT under existing
  Linux Lilo menu (more detailed than here).  Also, "Multiboot-with-
  LILO" describes how the various Windows flavors can be made to coexist
  with Linux.

  This mini-HOWTO would be improved from time to time. If you think that
  the HOWTO on your Linux installation CD is some out-of-date, you may
  check for newest release on the Internet. It could be found within the
  main Linux Documentation Project <http://www.tldp.org/> or some of its
  mirrors.


  11.4.  Credits

  This version of mini-HOWTO can thanks to:



       Cameron Spitzer (cls@truffula.sj.ca.us)
       Alessandro Rubini (rubini@linux.it)
       Tony Harris (tony@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu)
       Marc Tanguy (mtanguy@ens.uvsq.fr)
       Dragomir Kalaba, a local Linux 'guru'



  Any comments or suggestions can be mailed to my email address: skoric
  at eunet dot yu


  11.5.  HOWTO

  These are intended as the primary starting points to get the
  background information as well as show you how to solve a specific
  problem.  Some relevant HOWTOs are Bootdisk, Installation,  SCSI and
  UMSDOS.  The main site for these is the LDP archive
  <http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/> at Metalab (formerly known as Sunsite).


  11.6.  Mini-HOWTO

  These are the smaller free text relatives to the HOWTOs.  Some
  relevant mini-HOWTOs are Backup-With-MSDOS, Diskless, LILO, Large
  Disk, Linux+DOS+Win95+OS2, Linux+OS2+DOS, Linux+Win95,
  Linux+WindowsNT, Linux+NT-Loader, NFS-Root, Win95+Win+Linux, ZIP
  Drive, FBB packet-radio BBS.  You can find these at the same place as
  the HOWTOs, usually in a sub directory called mini. Note that these
  are scheduled to be converted into SGML and become proper HOWTOs in
  the near future.


  11.7.  Local Resources

  In most distributions of Linux there is a document directory
  installed, have a look in the /usr/doc directory.  where most packages
  store their main documentation and README files etc.  Also you will
  here find the HOWTO archive ( /usr/doc/HOWTO) of ready formatted
  HOWTOs and also the mini-HOWTO archive ( /usr/doc/HOWTO/mini
  <file:///usr/doc/HOWTO/mini>) of plain text documents.

  Many of the configuration files mentioned earlier can be found in the
  /etc directory. In particular you will want to work with the
  /etc/fstab file that sets up the mounting of partitions and possibly
  also /etc/mdtab file that is used for the md system to set up RAID.

  The kernel source in /usr/src/linux <file:///usr/src/linux> is, of
  course, the ultimate documentation. In other words, use the source,
  Luke.  It should also be pointed out that the kernel comes not only
  with source code which is even commented (well, partially at least)
  but also an informative documentation directory
  <file:///usr/src/linux/Documentation>.  If you are about to ask any
  questions about the kernel you should read this first, it will save
  you and many others a lot of time and possibly embarrassment.

  Also have a look in your system log file ( /var/log/messages) to see
  what is going on and in particular how the booting went if too much
  scrolled off your screen. Using tail -f /var/log/messages in a
  separate window or screen will give you a continuous update of what is
  going on in your system.

  You can also take advantage of the /proc file system that is a window
  into the inner workings of your system.  Use cat rather than more to
  view the files as they are reported as being zero length. Reports are
  that less works well here.


  11.8.  Web Pages

  There is a huge number of informative web pages out there and by their
  very nature they change quickly so don't be too surprised if these
  links become quickly outdated.

  A good starting point is of course the Linux Documentation Project
  <http://www.linuxdoc.org/> home page, or this one: Linux
  Documentation Project <http://www.tldp.org/>, an information central
  for documentation, project pages and much, much more.

  Please let me know if you have any other leads that can be of
  interest.



  12.  Getting help


  In the end you might find yourself unable to solve your problems and
  need help from someone else. The most efficient way is either to ask
  someone local or in your nearest Linux user group, search the web for
  the nearest one.

  Another possibility is to ask on Usenet News in one of the many, many
  newsgroups available. The problem is that these have such a high
  volume and noise (called low signal-to-noise ratio) that your question
  can easily fall through unanswered.

  No matter where you ask it is important to ask well or you will not be
  taken seriously. Saying just my disk does not work is not going to
  help you and instead the noise level is increased even further and if
  you are lucky someone will ask you to clarify.

  Instead describe your problems in some detail that will enable people
  to help you. The problem could lie somewhere you did not expect.
  Therefore you are advised to list up the following information on your
  system:


     Hardware

        ·  Processor

        ·  DMA

        ·  IRQ

        ·  Chip set (LX, BX etc)

        ·  Bus (ISA, VESA, PCI etc)

        ·  Expansion cards used (Disk controllers, video, IO etc)


     Software

        ·  BIOS (On motherboard and possibly SCSI host adapters)

        ·  LILO, if used

        ·  Linux kernel version as well as possible modifications and
           patches

        ·  Kernel parameters, if any

        ·  Software that shows the error (with version number or date)


     Peripherals

        ·  Type of disk drives with manufacturer name, version and type

        ·  Other relevant peripherals connected to the same busses


  Remember that booting text is logged to /var/log/messages which can
  answer most of the questions above. Obviously if the drives fail you
  might not be able to get  the log saved to disk but you can at least
  scroll back up the screen using the SHIFT and PAGE UP keys. It may
  also be useful to include part of this in your request for help but do
  not go overboard, keep it brief as a complete log file dumped to
  Usenet News is more than a little annoying.



