% arabdoc7.tex %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section {Support for other languages besides Arabic}\label {otherlanguages}
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\ArabTeX\ is primarily intended for typesetting texts
in classical and modern Arabic,
but it also provides some support for several other languages
that are customarily written in the Arabic alphabet.

In order to switch to the conventions for one of these languages,
say \verb"\setfarsi", \verb"\seturdu",
\verb"\setpashto", \verb"\setmaghribi";
\verb"\setverb" will switch off any language specific processing.
\verb"\setarab" can be used to switch back to the Arabic conventions.
After selecting the language,
\verb/</ and~\verb/>/ serve as delimiters for quotations;
\verb/\setnone/ will, like \verb"\setverb", deselect any language,
and will also return \verb/</ and~\verb/>/ to their normal \TeX\ meaning.
                                                  \index{\setfarsi}
                                                  \index{\seturdu}
                                                  \index{\setpashto}
                                                  \index{\setmaghribi}
                                                  \index{\setarab}
                                                  \index{\setverb}
%                                                  \index{<}
                                                  \index{>}
                                                  \index{\setnone}

This part of \ArabTeX\ relies heavily on contributions from the user
community; we want to especially mention Ivan Dershanski who completely
reimplemented the routines for processing Persian.
As we extensively modified these contributions while integrating the system,
we are solely responsible for any remaining,
or newly introduced, errors.

%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection {Persian (Farsi, Dari), also Ottoman, Kurdish}
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                  \index{Persian}
                                                  \index{Farsi}
                                                  \index{Dari}
                                                  \index{Ottoman}
                                                  \index{Kurdish}

\begin{itemize}
\item
All characters needed for writing Farsi are available by default. The
short vowels <e> and~<o> are mapped to <i> and~<u>, the long vowels <E>
and~<O> to <I> and~<U> without a vowel indicator.
<H> denotes final silent \hah.
This \hah\ receives no \sukun\ even in fully vowelized mode.
                                                  \index{H}
                                                  \index{E}
                                                  \index{O}

\item
For \fatha\ or \kasra\ followed by a final silent \hah\
you can also write <,a> or~<,e> in place of <aH> and <eH>.
                                                  \index{,a}
                                                  \index{,e}

\item
The \izafet\ connection may always be written
<-i> or~<-e> (with hyphen);
then the correct spelling will be determined from the context.
Likewise the \yahiwahdat\ can always be written <-I> or~<-E>.
                                                  \index{.\izafet}
                                                  \index{-e}
                                                  \index{-i}
                                                  \index{.\yahiwahdat}
                                                  \index{-E}
                                                  \index{-I}

\item
The present tense forms of the copula are coded
<-am>, <-I>, <-ast>, <-Im>, <-Id>, <-and>.
In the output they are written as separate words after a little space.
                                                  \index{Persian copula}

\item
The final \yah\ carries no dots.
Farsi uses the Nasta`liq font if available, otherwise Naskh.
                                                  \index{dots on \yah}
                                                  \index{.\yah!dots}
                                                  \index{nasta`liq}
                                                  \index{font!nasta`liq}
\end{itemize}

For further details see Appendix~G.

%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection {Urdu}\label{urducode}
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                  \index{Urdu}

\vocalize
\begin{table}[htb]
\begin{center}
\seturdu
\begin{tabular}{|r|c|c|l|}
\hline    \astrut
\atabii h     {always denotes the ``two-eyed'' \hah}
\\ \hline \astrut
\atabii ,h    {the ``wavy'' \hah\ letter}
\\ \hline \astrut
\atabii ,t    {\tah\ with a small \ttah\ accent}
\\ \hline \astrut
\atabii ,d    {\dal\ with a small \ttah\ accent}
\\ \hline \astrut
\atabii ,r    {\rah\ with a small \ttah\ accent}
\\ \hline \astrut
\atabii .n    {\nun\ without a dot }
%(modifies a preceding vowel)}}
\\ \hline \astrut
\atabiii E -E  {{\em \=e}, \yah\ {\em bar\={\i}'\/} in the final position}
%,             otherwise mapped to yah}
\\ \hline \astrut
\atabiii ae --ae  {the diphtong \em ae}
\\ \hline \astrut
\atabiii ao --ao  {the diphtong \em ao}
\\ \hline \astrut
\atabiii O --O  {the long vowel \em \=o}
\\ \hline \astrut
\atabiii U --U  {the long vowel \em \=u}
\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Additional codings for Urdu.}
\label{urdu}
\end{table}

\begin{itemize}
\item
For Urdu, additional codings are available,
see Table~\ref{urdu}.
Some of the given codings also occur in Pashto but with a different meaning,
see Section~\ref{pashtocode}.%
                                                  \index{Pashto}

\item
%The long vowel <O> is mapped to <U>.
The short vowels <e> and~<o> are mapped to <i> and~<u>.
<H>, <,a> and~<,e> are used as in Persian.
                                                  \index{H}
                                                  \index{,a}
                                                  \index{,e}

\item
Even in fully vowelized mode, an aspirated consonant before~<h> receives 
no \sukun\ since the two are technically a single letter.
                                                  \index{.\sukun}
                                                  \index{aspirated consonant}

\item
Urdu uses the Nasta`liq font if available, otherwise Naskh.
                                                  \index{nasta`liq}
                                                  \index{font!nasta`liq}
\end{itemize}

%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection {Pashto (Afghanic)}\label{pashtocode}
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                  \index{Pashto}
                                                  \index{Afghanic}

\begin{table}[htb]
\begin{center}
\setpashto
\begin{tabular}{|r|c|c|l|}
\hline    \astrut
\atabii ,t    {\tah\ with a small loop}
\\ \hline \astrut
\atabii ,d    {\dal\ with a small loop}
\\ \hline \astrut
\atabii ,r    {\rah\ with a small loop}
\\ \hline \astrut
\atabii .n    {\nun\ with a small loop}
\\ \hline \astrut
\atabii g     {\gaf\ with a small loop instead of a bar}
\\ \hline \astrut
\atabii ,z    {\rah\ with one dot above and one below}
\\ \hline \astrut
\atabii ,s    {\sin\ with one dot above and one below}
\\ \hline \astrut
\atabiii ae --ae  {the diphtong \em ae}
\\ \hline \astrut
\atabiii Ee --Ee  {the diphtong \em ey}
\\ \hline \astrut
\atabiii ee --ee  {the diphtong \em ey}
\\ \hline \astrut
\atabiii E --E  {the long vowel \em \=e}
\\ \hline \astrut
\atabiii O --O  {the long vowel \em \=o}
\\ \hline \astrut
\atabiii U --U  {the long vowel \em \=u}
\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Additional codings for Pashto.}
\label{pashto}
\end{table}

\begin{itemize}
\item
For Pashto, additional codings are available,
see Table~\ref{pashto}.
Some of the given codings also occur in Urdu but with a different meaning,
see Section~\ref{urducode}.
                                                  \index{Urdu}

\item
The short vowel <e> is indicated by a \zwarakay,
<o> by an inverted \damma.
                                                  \index{.\zwarakay}
                                                  \index{inverted \damma}
                                                  \index{.\damma!inverted}

Observe also the following codings:

\begin{tabular}{ll}
<w"'> &  \hamza\ on \waw\\
<h"'> &  \hamza\ on \hah, if not generated by \izafet
                                                  \index{.\hamza}
\end{tabular}

\item
The codings <H>, <,a> and <,e> are used as in Persian.
The rules for \izafet\ and \yahiwahdat\ apply.
                                                  \index{H}
                                                  \index{,a}
                                                  \index{,e}
                                                  \index{.\izafet}
                                                  \index{.\yahiwahdat}

\item 
For writing some Pashto words in the Urdu style,
write the command \verb"\seturdu" and afterwards switch back
to the Pashto conventions by \verb"\setpashto".
                                                  \index{Urdu}
                                                  \index{\seturdu}
                                                  \index{Pashto}
                                                  \index{\setpashto}
\end{itemize}

%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection {Maghribi}
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                  \index{Maghribi}

Nearly like Arabic but using a different writing convention.
\fah\ is written with one dot below the letter,
\qaf\ with one dot above the normal letter form of \fah.
The three dots of \vah\ are put below the letter.

%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
%\subsection {Ottoman, Kurdish} see Farsi.
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
%\subsection {Kurdish} see Farsi.

%-------------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection {Other languages}
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------

This is up to experimentation by the user.
If \verb"\setarab" or \verb"\setfarsi" will not produce the desired result,
try \verb"\setverb" for verbatim mode.
                                                  \index{\setverb}

The vowelization and the transliteration cannot generally
be expected to be correct, but might work by accident.

In case some character variants not yet provided are needed,
feel free to ask the author for help.
There is no simple way for the user to modify the script.

\endinput
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