polarization op• 数据种类:signal → matrix
• 调用: import fullseye as fs; fs.ledger.mueller_from_intensities(intensities, psg, psa, rank_tol=1e-09)(要直接调用实现,import optics; optics.mueller_from_intensities(intensities, psg, psa, rank_tol=1e-09);从台账取用则 opsoptics.get("mueller_from_intensities"))
从已知起偏器/检偏器状态下测得的强度恢复 Mueller 矩阵(偏振测量的最小二乘)。
> 以下的详细说明为原文 —— 摘要与标题已翻译。
Model: the detector behind a polarisation-state analyser sees
`I_i = (A_i @ M @ G_i)[0, 0] = a_i^T M g_i where g_i = G_i[:, 0]` is
the Stokes vector the generator emits from unpolarised light and
`a_i = A_i[0, :]` is the analyser's first row. That is **linear in the 16
entries of M**: `I_i = w_i . vec(M) with w_i = outer(a_i, g_i).ravel()`.
Stacking the N measurements gives `W (N x 16)`, solved by least squares.
*intensities* is `(N,) (one detector) or (N, ...)` (an image per
state: the same system solved per pixel, so the result is `(4, 4, ...)`).
*psg* and *psa* are sequences of N Mueller matrices (4x4) — build them with
:func:mueller_element and matrix products.
Fail-closed on an under-determined design: if `W` has rank < 16 the
design cannot see every entry (the classic case — linear polarisers only,
no retarder — leaves the S3 row and column unobservable, rank 9) and the
function raises with the rank instead of returning a pseudo-inverse answer
that would look plausible and be wrong in the unobserved entries.
Ground truth in the tests: a known `M` (retarder then polariser),
36 generator/analyser pairs with quarter-wave plates, intensities computed
by the forward model → `M` recovered to 1e-10; the same with polarisers
only → rank 9, refused.
Raises `ValueError`: shapes disagree, fewer than 16 measurements,
non-finite input, or rank < 16.
Provenance: the observation matrix `outer(a, g)` is the standard
formulation (Chipman, "Polarimetry", *Handbook of Optics* ch. 15); the
`pinv variant is what Polanalyser's calcMueller` does. Re-implemented
with an explicit rank check.
optics 的每个算子都先校验输入再计算(不让任何东西无声通过):
• 单位写进参数名 —— _mm / _um / _deg / _mrad。把 mm 和 µm 弄混不会崩溃,而是给出「看着合理却是错的答案」,所以用命名来防。这里绝不从数值大小去猜单位。
• **字符串一律 ValueError** —— float('50') 会成功,于是未解析的配置值会被当成长度混进来(实测:thin_lens('50', '200') 曾返回看着合理的 66.667 mm)。bool 也按 True == 1 的隐式提升拒绝。
• **complex / masked array 一律 ValueError(仅接受实数槽位;拒绝无声丢弃虚部或剥掉掩码)。所有输入中的 NaN/Inf 一律 ValueError**。
• 逐项点名拒绝除零及其近亲:焦距 0、曲率半径 0、折射率 <= 0、全不透明光阑(全为 0,归一化变成 0/0)、总和 <= 0 的 PSF、S0 = 0 的 Stokes 矢量、物体位于前焦点(像在无穷远)。
• 只有两个算子会返回非有限值,而且都写进了契约:depth_of_field 在超焦距以外返回 far_mm = inf(这正是超焦距的定义),gaussian_beam 在束腰处返回 wavefront_radius_mm = inf(平面波前的曲率半径)。两者都同时返回一个有限的搭档(far_is_infinite / curvature_per_mm)。**除此之外的无声 NaN/Inf 都在内部检出并 ValueError** ——「float64 溢出了」和「答案是无穷大」是两种不同的主张,不能拿后者的脸去交付前者。
• 尺寸上限:生成网格受 optics.MAX_GRID(4096)限制,传入的场/PSF/光阑受 optics.MAX_FIELD_ELEMENTS(2^24),ABCD 元件序列受 optics.MAX_SYSTEM_ELEMENTS(1024),Zernike 受 MAX_ZERNIKE_TERMS(512)/ MAX_ZERNIKE_ORDER(40)/ MAX_ZERNIKE_BASIS(2^25)。以 fail-closed 堵住「小参数引发巨大内部分配」的路径(实测:n_max=40 × 4096² 需要 108 GB)。
• 物理上不可能的状态同样拒绝:偏振度 > 1 的 Stokes 矢量、负透过率、负强度、n-|m| 为奇数等非法 Zernike 指标。
• 示例数据目录(下载 URL / 许可证) —— 2-D 用 skimage.data(BSD/公有领域)加合成图,3-D 给出真实数据源(Stanford/PDS 等)的下载 URL。
• 算子来历与参考文献 —— 该算子族所依据的研究/方法出处。
• 算法的正典(作者・年份)与用途见上面的族使用指南。
• polarization_camera_pipeline — py -3.11 examples/polarization_camera_pipeline.py
matrix 作为输入)abcd_trace · mueller_apply · mueller_checks
polarization)jones_element · jones_apply · stokes_from_jones · mueller_element · mueller_apply · stokes_analyze · polarization_demosaic · polarization_demosaic_color
*Provenance: optics.py — OPTICS 算子登记表。本条目由 tools/opdocs.py md 自动生成(请勿手工编辑)。*
© 2026 Kazufumi Furuse — Fullseye operator documentation. Licensed under Apache-2.0.