# Single-sampled Color Compression

Starting with Ivy Bridge, Intel graphics hardware provides a form of color compression for single-sampled surfaces. In its initial form, this provided an acceleration of render target clear operations that, in the common case, allows you to avoid almost all of the bandwidth of a full-surface clear operation. On Sky Lake, single-sampled color compression was extended to allow for the compression color values from actual rendering and not just the initial clear. From here on, the older Ivy Bridge form of color compression will be called “fast-clears” and term “color compression” will be reserved for the more powerful Sky Lake form.

The documentation for Ivy Bridge through Broadwell overloads the term MCS for referring both to the multisample control surface used for multisample compression and the control surface used for fast-clears. In ISL, the `isl_aux_usage.ISL_AUX_USAGE_MCS` enum always refers to multisample color compression while the `isl_aux_usage.ISL_AUX_USAGE_CCS_D` and `isl_aux_usage.ISL_AUX_USAGE_CCS_E` enums always refer to single-sampled color compression. Throughout this chapter and the rest of the ISL documentation, we will use the term “color control surface”, abbreviated CCS, to denote the control surface used for both fast-clears and color compression. While this is still an overloaded term, Ivy Bridge fast-clears are much closer to Sky Lake color compression than they are to multisample compression.

## CCS data

Fast clears and CCS are possibly the single most poorly documented aspect of surface layout/setup for Intel graphics hardware (with HiZ coming in a neat second). All the documentation really says is that you can use an MCS buffer on single-sampled surfaces (we will call it the CCS in this case). It also provides some documentation on how to program the hardware to perform clear operations, but that’s it. How big is this buffer? What does it contain? Those question are left as exercises to the reader. Almost everything we know about the contents of the CCS is gleaned from reverse-engineering of the hardware. The best bit of documentation we have ever had comes from the display section of the Sky Lake PRM Vol 12 section on planes (p. 159):

> The Color Control Surface (CCS) contains the compression status of the cache-line pairs. The compression state of the cache-line pair is specified by 2 bits in the CCS. Each CCS cache-line represents an area on the main surface of 16x16 sets of 128 byte Y-tiled cache-line-pairs. CCS is always Y tiled.

While this is technically for color compression and not fast-clears, it provides a good bit of insight into how color compression and fast-clears operate. Each cache-line pair, in the main surface corresponds to 1 or 2 bits in the CCS. The primary difference, as far as the current discussion is concerned, is that fast-clears use only 1 bit per cache-line pair whereas color compression uses 2 bits.

What is a cache-line pair? Both the X and Y tiling formats are arranged as an 8x8 grid of cache lines. (See the chapter on tiling for more details.) In either case, a cache-line pair is a pair of cache lines whose starting addresses differ by 512 bytes or 8 cache lines. This results in the two cache lines being vertically adjacent when the main surface is X-tiled and horizontally adjacent when the main surface is Y-tiled. For an X-tiled surface this forms an area of 64B x 2rows and for a Y-tiled surface this forms an area of 32B x 4rows. In either case, it is guaranteed that, regardless of surface format, each 2x2 subspan coming out of a shader will land entirely within one cache-line pair.

What is the correspondence between bits and cache-line pairs? The best model I (Faith) know of is to consider the CCS as having a 1-bit color format for fast-clears and a 2-bit format for color compression and a special tiling format. The CCS tiling formats operate on a 1 or 2-bit granularity rather than the byte granularity of most tiling formats.

The following table represents the bit-layouts that yield the CCS tiling format on different hardware generations. Bits 0-11 correspond to the regular swizzle of bytes within a 4KB page whereas the negative bits represent the address of the particular 1 or 2-bit portion of a byte. (Note: The Haswell data was gathered on a dual-channel system so bit-6 swizzling was enabled. It’s unclear how this affects the CCS layout.)

Generation | Tiling | 11 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | -1 | -2 | -3
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Ivy Bridge | X or Y | \(u_6\) | \(u_5\) | \(u_4\) | \(v_7\) | \(v_6\) | \(v_5\) | \(v_4\) | \(v_2\) | \(v_3\) | \(v_1\) | \(v_0\) | \(u_3\) | \(u_2\) | \(u_1\) | \(u_0\)
Haswell | X | \(u_6\) | \(u_5\) | \(v_3 \oplus u_1\) | \(v_7\) | \(v_6\) | \(v_5\) | \(v_4\) | \(v_2\) | \(v_3\) | \(v_1\) | \(v_0\) | \(u_4\) | \(u_3\) | \(u_2\) | \(u_0\)
Haswell | Y | \(u_6\) | \(u_5\) | \(v_2 \oplus u_1\) | \(v_7\) | \(v_6\) | \(v_5\) | \(v_4\) | \(v_2\) | \(v_3\) | \(v_1\) | \(v_0\) | \(u_4\) | \(u_3\) | \(u_2\) | \(u_0\)
Broadwell | X | \(u_6\) | \(u_5\) | \(u_4\) | \(v_7\) | \(v_6\) | \(v_5\) | \(v_4\) | \(u_3\) | \(v_3\) | \(u_2\) | \(u_1\) | \(u_0\) | \(v_2\) | \(v_1\) | \(v_0\)
Broadwell | Y | \(u_6\) | \(u_5\) | \(u_4\) | \(v_7\) | \(v_6\) | \(v_5\) | \(v_4\) | \(v_2\) | \(v_3\) | \(u_3\) | \(u_2\) | \(u_1\) | \(v_1\) | \(v_0\) | \(u_0\)
Sky Lake | Y | \(u_6\) | \(u_5\) | \(u_4\) | \(v_6\) | \(v_5\) | \(v_4\) | \(v_3\) | \(v_2\) | \(v_1\) | \(u_3\) | \(u_2\) | \(u_1\) | \(v_0\) | \(u_0\) |

## CCS surface layout

Starting with Broadwell, fast-clears and color compression can be used on mipmapped and array surfaces. When considered from a higher level, the CCS is laid out like any other surface. The Broadwell and Sky Lake PRMs describe this as follows:

Broadwell PRM Vol 7, “MCS Buffer for Render Target(s)” (p. 676):

> Mip-mapped and arrayed surfaces are supported with MCS buffer layout with these alignments in the RT space: Horizontal Alignment = 256 and Vertical Alignment = 128.

Broadwell PRM Vol 2d, “RENDER_SURFACE_STATE” (p. 279):

> For non-multisampled render target’s auxiliary surface, MCS, QPitch must be computed with Horizontal Alignment = 256 and Surface Vertical Alignment = 128. These alignments are only for MCS buffer and not for associated render target.

Sky Lake PRM Vol 7, “MCS Buffer for Render Target(s)” (p. 632):

> Mip-mapped and arrayed surfaces are supported with MCS buffer layout with these alignments in the RT space: Horizontal Alignment = 128 and Vertical Alignment = 64.

Sky Lake PRM Vol. 2d, “RENDER_SURFACE_STATE” (p. 435):

> For non-multisampled render target’s CCS auxiliary surface, QPitch must be computed with Horizontal Alignment = 128 and Surface Vertical Alignment = 256. These alignments are only for CCS buffer and not for associated render target.

Empirical evidence seems to confirm this. On Sky Lake, the vertical alignment is always one cache line. The horizontal alignment, however, varies by main surface format: 1 cache line for 32bpp, 2 for 64bpp and 4 cache lines for 128bpp formats. This nicely corresponds to the alignment of 128x64 pixels in the primary color surface. The second PRM citation about Sky Lake CCS above gives a vertical alignment of 256 rather than 64. With a little experimentation, this additional alignment appears to only apply to QPitch and not to the miplevels within a slice.

On Broadwell, each miplevel in the CCS is aligned to a cache-line pair boundary: horizontal when the primary surface is X-tiled and vertical when Y-tiled. For a 32bpp format, this works out to an alignment of 256x128 main surface pixels regardless of X or Y tiling. On Sky Lake, the alignment is a single cache line which works out to an alignment of 128x64 main surface pixels.

TODO: More than just 32bpp formats on Broadwell!

Once armed with the above alignment information, we can lay out the CCS surface itself. The way ISL does CCS layout calculations is by a very careful and subtle application of its normal surface layout code.

Above, we described the CCS data layout as mapping of address bits. In ISL, this is represented by `isl_tiling.ISL_TILING_CCS`. The logical and physical tile dimensions corresponding to the above mapping.

We also have special `isl_format` enums for CCS. These formats are 1 bit-per-pixel on Ivy Bridge through Broadwell and 2 bits-per-pixel on Skylake and above to correspond to the 1 and 2-bit values represented in the CCS data. They have a block size (similar to a block compressed format such as BC or ASTC) which says what area (in surface elements) in the main surface is covered by a single CCS element (1 or 2-bit). Because this depends on the main surface tiling and format, we have several different CCS formats.

Once the appropriate `isl_format` has been selected, computing the size and layout of a CCS surface is as simple as passing the same surface creation parameters to `isl_surf_init_s()` as were used to create the primary surface only with `isl_tiling.ISL_TILING_CCS` and the correct CCS format. This not only results in a correctly sized surface but most other ISL helpers for things such as computing offsets into surfaces work correctly as well.

## CCS on Tigerlake and above

Starting with Tigerlake, CCS is no longer done via a surface and, instead, the term CCS gets overloaded once again (gotta love it!) to now refer to a form of universal compression which can be applied to almost any surface. Nothing in this chapter applies to any hardware with a graphics IP version 12 or above.