fs_path.h

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// Class filesystem::path -*- C++ -*-

// Copyright (C) 2014-2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
//
// This file is part of the GNU ISO C++ Library.  This library is free
// software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
// terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
// Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option)
// any later version.

// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.

// Under Section 7 of GPL version 3, you are granted additional
// permissions described in the GCC Runtime Library Exception, version
// 3.1, as published by the Free Software Foundation.

// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and
// a copy of the GCC Runtime Library Exception along with this program;
// see the files COPYING3 and COPYING.RUNTIME respectively.  If not, see
// <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

/** @file include/bits/fs_path.h
 *  This is an internal header file, included by other library headers.
 *  Do not attempt to use it directly. @headername{filesystem}
 */

#ifndef _GLIBCXX_FS_PATH_H
#define _GLIBCXX_FS_PATH_H 1

#if __cplusplus >= 201703L

#include <utility>
#include <type_traits>
#include <locale>
#include <iosfwd>
#include <iomanip>
#include <codecvt>
#include <string_view>
#include <system_error>
#include <bits/stl_algobase.h>
#include <bits/locale_conv.h>
#include <ext/concurrence.h>
#include <bits/shared_ptr.h>
#include <bits/unique_ptr.h>

#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
# define _GLIBCXX_FILESYSTEM_IS_WINDOWS 1
# include <algorithm>
#endif

namespace std _GLIBCXX_VISIBILITY(default)
{
_GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION

namespace filesystem
{
_GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_CXX11

  /**
   * @ingroup filesystem
   * @{
   */

  /// A filesystem path.
  class path
  {
    template<typename _CharT, typename _Ch = remove_const_t<_CharT>>
      using __is_encoded_char
        = __or_<is_same<_Ch, char>,
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_CHAR8_T
                is_same<_Ch, char8_t>,
#endif
                is_same<_Ch, wchar_t>,
                is_same<_Ch, char16_t>,
                is_same<_Ch, char32_t>>;

    template<typename _Iter,
             typename _Iter_traits = std::iterator_traits<_Iter>>
      using __is_path_iter_src
        = __and_<__is_encoded_char<typename _Iter_traits::value_type>,
                 std::is_base_of<std::input_iterator_tag,
                                 typename _Iter_traits::iterator_category>>;

    template<typename _Iter>
      static __is_path_iter_src<_Iter>
      __is_path_src(_Iter, int);

    template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
      static __is_encoded_char<_CharT>
      __is_path_src(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>&, int);

    template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits>
      static __is_encoded_char<_CharT>
      __is_path_src(const basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>&, int);

    template<typename _Unknown>
      static std::false_type
      __is_path_src(const _Unknown&, ...);

    template<typename _Tp1, typename _Tp2>
      struct __constructible_from;

    template<typename _Iter>
      struct __constructible_from<_Iter, _Iter>
      : __is_path_iter_src<_Iter>
      { };

    template<typename _Source>
      struct __constructible_from<_Source, void>
      : decltype(__is_path_src(std::declval<_Source>(), 0))
      { };

    template<typename _Tp1, typename _Tp2 = void>
      using _Path = typename
        std::enable_if<__and_<__not_<is_same<remove_cv_t<_Tp1>, path>>,
                              __not_<is_void<remove_pointer_t<_Tp1>>>,
                              __constructible_from<_Tp1, _Tp2>>::value,
                       path>::type;

    template<typename _Source>
      static _Source
      _S_range_begin(_Source __begin) { return __begin; }

    struct __null_terminated { };

    template<typename _Source>
      static __null_terminated
      _S_range_end(_Source) { return {}; }

    template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
      static const _CharT*
      _S_range_begin(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __str)
      { return __str.data(); }

    template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Alloc>
      static const _CharT*
      _S_range_end(const basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Alloc>& __str)
      { return __str.data() + __str.size(); }

    template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits>
      static const _CharT*
      _S_range_begin(const basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>& __str)
      { return __str.data(); }

    template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits>
      static const _CharT*
      _S_range_end(const basic_string_view<_CharT, _Traits>& __str)
      { return __str.data() + __str.size(); }

    template<typename _Tp,
             typename _Iter = decltype(_S_range_begin(std::declval<_Tp>())),
             typename _Val = typename std::iterator_traits<_Iter>::value_type>
      using __value_type_is_char
        = std::enable_if_t<std::is_same_v<std::remove_const_t<_Val>, char>>;

  public:
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_FILESYSTEM_IS_WINDOWS
    typedef wchar_t                             value_type;
    static constexpr value_type                 preferred_separator = L'\\';
#else
    typedef char                                value_type;
    static constexpr value_type                 preferred_separator = '/';
#endif
    typedef std::basic_string<value_type>       string_type;

    enum format : unsigned char { native_format, generic_format, auto_format };

    // constructors and destructor

    path() noexcept { }

    path(const path& __p) = default;

    path(path&& __p)
#if _GLIBCXX_USE_CXX11_ABI || _GLIBCXX_FULLY_DYNAMIC_STRING == 0
      noexcept
#endif
    : _M_pathname(std::move(__p._M_pathname)),
      _M_cmpts(std::move(__p._M_cmpts))
    { __p.clear(); }

    path(string_type&& __source, format = auto_format)
    : _M_pathname(std::move(__source))
    { _M_split_cmpts(); }

    template<typename _Source,
             typename _Require = _Path<_Source>>
      path(_Source const& __source, format = auto_format)
      : _M_pathname(_S_convert(_S_range_begin(__source),
                               _S_range_end(__source)))
      { _M_split_cmpts(); }

    template<typename _InputIterator,
             typename _Require = _Path<_InputIterator, _InputIterator>>
      path(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, format = auto_format)
      : _M_pathname(_S_convert(__first, __last))
      { _M_split_cmpts(); }

    template<typename _Source,
             typename _Require = _Path<_Source>,
             typename _Require2 = __value_type_is_char<_Source>>
      path(_Source const& __source, const locale& __loc, format = auto_format)
      : _M_pathname(_S_convert_loc(_S_range_begin(__source),
                                   _S_range_end(__source), __loc))
      { _M_split_cmpts(); }

    template<typename _InputIterator,
             typename _Require = _Path<_InputIterator, _InputIterator>,
             typename _Require2 = __value_type_is_char<_InputIterator>>
      path(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last, const locale& __loc,
           format = auto_format)
      : _M_pathname(_S_convert_loc(__first, __last, __loc))
      { _M_split_cmpts(); }

    ~path() = default;

    // assignments

    path& operator=(const path&);
    path& operator=(path&&) noexcept;
    path& operator=(string_type&& __source);
    path& assign(string_type&& __source);

    template<typename _Source>
      _Path<_Source>&
      operator=(_Source const& __source)
      { return *this = path(__source); }

    template<typename _Source>
      _Path<_Source>&
      assign(_Source const& __source)
      { return *this = path(__source); }

    template<typename _InputIterator>
      _Path<_InputIterator, _InputIterator>&
      assign(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
      { return *this = path(__first, __last); }

    // appends

    path& operator/=(const path& __p);

    template <class _Source>
      _Path<_Source>&
      operator/=(_Source const& __source)
      {
        _M_append(_S_convert(_S_range_begin(__source), _S_range_end(__source)));
        return *this;
      }

    template<typename _Source>
      _Path<_Source>&
      append(_Source const& __source)
      {
        _M_append(_S_convert(_S_range_begin(__source), _S_range_end(__source)));
        return *this;
      }

    template<typename _InputIterator>
      _Path<_InputIterator, _InputIterator>&
      append(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
      {
        _M_append(_S_convert(__first, __last));
        return *this;
      }

    // concatenation

    path& operator+=(const path& __x);
    path& operator+=(const string_type& __x);
    path& operator+=(const value_type* __x);
    path& operator+=(value_type __x);
    path& operator+=(basic_string_view<value_type> __x);

    template<typename _Source>
      _Path<_Source>&
      operator+=(_Source const& __x) { return concat(__x); }

    template<typename _CharT>
      _Path<_CharT*, _CharT*>&
      operator+=(_CharT __x);

    template<typename _Source>
      _Path<_Source>&
      concat(_Source const& __x)
      {
        _M_concat(_S_convert(_S_range_begin(__x), _S_range_end(__x)));
        return *this;
      }

    template<typename _InputIterator>
      _Path<_InputIterator, _InputIterator>&
      concat(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
      {
        _M_concat(_S_convert(__first, __last));
        return *this;
      }

    // modifiers

    void clear() noexcept { _M_pathname.clear(); _M_split_cmpts(); }

    path& make_preferred();
    path& remove_filename();
    path& replace_filename(const path& __replacement);
    path& replace_extension(const path& __replacement = path());

    void swap(path& __rhs) noexcept;

    // native format observers

    const string_type&  native() const noexcept { return _M_pathname; }
    const value_type*   c_str() const noexcept { return _M_pathname.c_str(); }
    operator string_type() const { return _M_pathname; }

    template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits = std::char_traits<_CharT>,
             typename _Allocator = std::allocator<_CharT>>
      std::basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
      string(const _Allocator& __a = _Allocator()) const;

    std::string    string() const;
#if _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
    std::wstring   wstring() const;
#endif
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_CHAR8_T
    __attribute__((__abi_tag__("__u8")))
    std::u8string  u8string() const;
#else
    std::string    u8string() const;
#endif // _GLIBCXX_USE_CHAR8_T
    std::u16string u16string() const;
    std::u32string u32string() const;

    // generic format observers
    template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits = std::char_traits<_CharT>,
             typename _Allocator = std::allocator<_CharT>>
      std::basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
      generic_string(const _Allocator& __a = _Allocator()) const;

    std::string    generic_string() const;
#if _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
    std::wstring   generic_wstring() const;
#endif
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_CHAR8_T
    __attribute__((__abi_tag__("__u8")))
    std::u8string  generic_u8string() const;
#else
    std::string    generic_u8string() const;
#endif // _GLIBCXX_USE_CHAR8_T
    std::u16string generic_u16string() const;
    std::u32string generic_u32string() const;

    // compare

    int compare(const path& __p) const noexcept;
    int compare(const string_type& __s) const noexcept;
    int compare(const value_type* __s) const noexcept;
    int compare(basic_string_view<value_type> __s) const noexcept;

    // decomposition

    path root_name() const;
    path root_directory() const;
    path root_path() const;
    path relative_path() const;
    path parent_path() const;
    path filename() const;
    path stem() const;
    path extension() const;

    // query

    [[nodiscard]] bool empty() const noexcept { return _M_pathname.empty(); }
    bool has_root_name() const noexcept;
    bool has_root_directory() const noexcept;
    bool has_root_path() const noexcept;
    bool has_relative_path() const noexcept;
    bool has_parent_path() const noexcept;
    bool has_filename() const noexcept;
    bool has_stem() const noexcept;
    bool has_extension() const noexcept;
    bool is_absolute() const noexcept;
    bool is_relative() const noexcept { return !is_absolute(); }

    // generation
    path lexically_normal() const;
    path lexically_relative(const path& base) const;
    path lexically_proximate(const path& base) const;

    // iterators
    class iterator;
    typedef iterator const_iterator;

    iterator begin() const;
    iterator end() const;

    /// Write a path to a stream
    template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits>
      friend std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&
      operator<<(std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& __os, const path& __p)
      {
        __os << std::quoted(__p.string<_CharT, _Traits>());
        return __os;
      }

    /// Read a path from a stream
    template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits>
      friend std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>&
      operator>>(std::basic_istream<_CharT, _Traits>& __is, path& __p)
      {
        std::basic_string<_CharT, _Traits> __tmp;
        if (__is >> std::quoted(__tmp))
          __p = std::move(__tmp);
        return __is;
      }

    // non-member operators

    /// Compare paths
    friend bool operator<(const path& __lhs, const path& __rhs) noexcept
    { return __lhs.compare(__rhs) < 0; }

    /// Compare paths
    friend bool operator<=(const path& __lhs, const path& __rhs) noexcept
    { return !(__rhs < __lhs); }

    /// Compare paths
    friend bool operator>(const path& __lhs, const path& __rhs) noexcept
    { return __rhs < __lhs; }

    /// Compare paths
    friend bool operator>=(const path& __lhs, const path& __rhs) noexcept
    { return !(__lhs < __rhs); }

    /// Compare paths
    friend bool operator==(const path& __lhs, const path& __rhs) noexcept
    { return __lhs.compare(__rhs) == 0; }

    /// Compare paths
    friend bool operator!=(const path& __lhs, const path& __rhs) noexcept
    { return !(__lhs == __rhs); }

    /// Append one path to another
    friend path operator/(const path& __lhs, const path& __rhs)
    {
      path __result(__lhs);
      __result /= __rhs;
      return __result;
    }

    // Create a basic_string by reading until a null character.
    template<typename _InputIterator,
             typename _Traits = std::iterator_traits<_InputIterator>,
             typename _CharT
               = typename std::remove_cv_t<typename _Traits::value_type>>
      static std::basic_string<_CharT>
      _S_string_from_iter(_InputIterator __source)
      {
        std::basic_string<_CharT> __str;
        for (_CharT __ch = *__source; __ch != _CharT(); __ch = *++__source)
          __str.push_back(__ch);
        return __str;
      }

  private:
    enum class _Type : unsigned char {
      _Multi = 0, _Root_name, _Root_dir, _Filename
    };

    path(basic_string_view<value_type> __str, _Type __type)
    : _M_pathname(__str)
    {
      __glibcxx_assert(__type != _Type::_Multi);
      _M_cmpts.type(__type);
    }

    enum class _Split { _Stem, _Extension };

    void _M_append(basic_string_view<value_type>);
    void _M_concat(basic_string_view<value_type>);

    pair<const string_type*, size_t> _M_find_extension() const noexcept;

    template<typename _CharT>
      struct _Cvt;

    static basic_string_view<value_type>
    _S_convert(value_type* __src, __null_terminated)
    { return __src; }

    static basic_string_view<value_type>
    _S_convert(const value_type* __src, __null_terminated)
    { return __src; }

    static basic_string_view<value_type>
    _S_convert(value_type* __first, value_type* __last)
    { return {__first, __last - __first}; }

    static basic_string_view<value_type>
    _S_convert(const value_type* __first, const value_type* __last)
    { return {__first, __last - __first}; }

    template<typename _Iter>
      static string_type
      _S_convert(_Iter __first, _Iter __last)
      {
        using __value_type = typename std::iterator_traits<_Iter>::value_type;
        return _Cvt<typename remove_cv<__value_type>::type>::
          _S_convert(__first, __last);
      }

    template<typename _InputIterator>
      static string_type
      _S_convert(_InputIterator __src, __null_terminated)
      {
        // Read from iterator into basic_string until a null value is seen:
        auto __s = _S_string_from_iter(__src);
        // Convert (if needed) from iterator's value type to path::value_type:
        return string_type(_S_convert(__s.data(), __s.data() + __s.size()));
      }

    static string_type
    _S_convert_loc(const char* __first, const char* __last,
                   const std::locale& __loc);

    template<typename _Iter>
      static string_type
      _S_convert_loc(_Iter __first, _Iter __last, const std::locale& __loc)
      {
        const std::string __str(__first, __last);
        return _S_convert_loc(__str.data(), __str.data()+__str.size(), __loc);
      }

    template<typename _InputIterator>
      static string_type
      _S_convert_loc(_InputIterator __src, __null_terminated,
                     const std::locale& __loc)
      {
        const std::string __s = _S_string_from_iter(__src);
        return _S_convert_loc(__s.data(), __s.data() + __s.size(), __loc);
      }

    template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Allocator>
      static basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
      _S_str_convert(const string_type&, const _Allocator& __a);

    void _M_split_cmpts();

    _Type _M_type() const noexcept { return _M_cmpts.type(); }

    string_type _M_pathname;

    struct _Cmpt;

    struct _List
    {
      using value_type = _Cmpt;
      using iterator = value_type*;
      using const_iterator = const value_type*;

      _List();
      _List(const _List&);
      _List(_List&&) = default;
      _List& operator=(const _List&);
      _List& operator=(_List&&) = default;
      ~_List() = default;

      _Type type() const noexcept
      { return _Type{reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(_M_impl.get()) & 0x3}; }

      void type(_Type) noexcept;

      int size() const noexcept; // zero unless type() == _Type::_Multi
      bool empty() const noexcept; // true unless type() == _Type::_Multi
      void clear();
      void swap(_List& __l) noexcept { _M_impl.swap(__l._M_impl); }
      int capacity() const noexcept;
      void reserve(int, bool); ///< @pre type() == _Type::_Multi

      // All the member functions below here have a precondition !empty()
      // (and they should only be called from within the library).

      iterator begin();
      iterator end();
      const_iterator begin() const;
      const_iterator end() const;

      value_type& front() noexcept;
      value_type& back() noexcept;
      const value_type& front() const noexcept;
      const value_type& back() const noexcept;

      void pop_back();
      void _M_erase_from(const_iterator __pos); // erases [__pos,end())

      struct _Impl;
      struct _Impl_deleter
      {
        void operator()(_Impl*) const noexcept;
      };
      unique_ptr<_Impl, _Impl_deleter> _M_impl;
    };
    _List _M_cmpts;

    struct _Parser;
  };

  inline void swap(path& __lhs, path& __rhs) noexcept { __lhs.swap(__rhs); }

  size_t hash_value(const path& __p) noexcept;

  /// Exception type thrown by the Filesystem library
  class filesystem_error : public std::system_error
  {
  public:
    filesystem_error(const string& __what_arg, error_code __ec);

    filesystem_error(const string& __what_arg, const path& __p1,
                     error_code __ec);

    filesystem_error(const string& __what_arg, const path& __p1,
                     const path& __p2, error_code __ec);

    filesystem_error(const filesystem_error&) = default;
    filesystem_error& operator=(const filesystem_error&) = default;

    // No move constructor or assignment operator.
    // Copy rvalues instead, so that _M_impl is not left empty.

    ~filesystem_error();

    const path& path1() const noexcept;
    const path& path2() const noexcept;
    const char* what() const noexcept;

  private:
    struct _Impl;
    std::__shared_ptr<const _Impl> _M_impl;
  };

  /// Create a path from a UTF-8-encoded sequence of char
  template<typename _InputIterator>
    inline auto
    u8path(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
    -> decltype(filesystem::path(__first, __last, std::locale::classic()))
    {
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_FILESYSTEM_IS_WINDOWS
      // XXX This assumes native wide encoding is UTF-16.
      std::codecvt_utf8_utf16<path::value_type> __cvt;
      path::string_type __tmp;
      if constexpr (is_pointer_v<_InputIterator>)
        {
          if (__str_codecvt_in_all(__first, __last, __tmp, __cvt))
            return path{ __tmp };
        }
      else
        {
          const std::string __u8str{__first, __last};
          const char* const __ptr = __u8str.data();
          if (__str_codecvt_in_all(__ptr, __ptr + __u8str.size(), __tmp, __cvt))
            return path{ __tmp };
        }
      _GLIBCXX_THROW_OR_ABORT(filesystem_error(
            "Cannot convert character sequence",
            std::make_error_code(errc::illegal_byte_sequence)));
#else
      // This assumes native normal encoding is UTF-8.
      return path{ __first, __last };
#endif
    }

  /// Create a path from a UTF-8-encoded sequence of char
  template<typename _Source>
    inline auto
    u8path(const _Source& __source)
    -> decltype(filesystem::path(__source, std::locale::classic()))
    {
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_FILESYSTEM_IS_WINDOWS
      if constexpr (is_convertible_v<const _Source&, std::string_view>)
        {
          const std::string_view __s = __source;
          return filesystem::u8path(__s.data(), __s.data() + __s.size());
        }
      else
        {
          std::string __s = path::_S_string_from_iter(__source);
          return filesystem::u8path(__s.data(), __s.data() + __s.size());
        }
#else
      return path{ __source };
#endif
    }

  struct path::_Cmpt : path
  {
    _Cmpt(basic_string_view<value_type> __s, _Type __t, size_t __pos)
      : path(__s, __t), _M_pos(__pos) { }

    _Cmpt() : _M_pos(-1) { }

    size_t _M_pos;
  };

  // specialize _Cvt for degenerate 'noconv' case
  template<>
    struct path::_Cvt<path::value_type>
    {
      template<typename _Iter>
        static string_type
        _S_convert(_Iter __first, _Iter __last)
        { return string_type{__first, __last}; }
    };

#if !defined _GLIBCXX_FILESYSTEM_IS_WINDOWS  && defined _GLIBCXX_USE_CHAR8_T
  // For POSIX converting from char8_t to char is also 'noconv'
  template<>
    struct path::_Cvt<char8_t>
    {
      template<typename _Iter>
        static string_type
        _S_convert(_Iter __first, _Iter __last)
        { return string_type(__first, __last); }
    };
#endif

  template<typename _CharT>
    struct path::_Cvt
    {
      static string_type
      _S_convert(const _CharT* __f, const _CharT* __l)
      {
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_FILESYSTEM_IS_WINDOWS
        std::wstring __wstr;
        if constexpr (is_same_v<_CharT, char>)
          {
            struct _UCvt : std::codecvt<wchar_t, char, std::mbstate_t>
            { } __cvt;
            if (__str_codecvt_in_all(__f, __l, __wstr, __cvt))
              return __wstr;
          }
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_CHAR8_T
        else if constexpr (is_same_v<_CharT, char8_t>)
          {
            const char* __f2 = (const char*)__f;
            const char* __l2 = (const char*)__l;
            std::codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t> __wcvt;
            if (__str_codecvt_in_all(__f2, __l2, __wstr, __wcvt))
              return __wstr;
          }
#endif
        else // char16_t or char32_t
          {
            struct _UCvt : std::codecvt<_CharT, char, std::mbstate_t>
            { } __cvt;
            std::string __str;
            if (__str_codecvt_out_all(__f, __l, __str, __cvt))
              {
                const char* __f2 = __str.data();
                const char* __l2 = __f2 + __str.size();
                std::codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t> __wcvt;
                if (__str_codecvt_in_all(__f2, __l2, __wstr, __wcvt))
                  return __wstr;
              }
          }
#else // ! windows
        struct _UCvt : std::codecvt<_CharT, char, std::mbstate_t>
        { } __cvt;
        std::string __str;
        if (__str_codecvt_out_all(__f, __l, __str, __cvt))
          return __str;
#endif
        _GLIBCXX_THROW_OR_ABORT(filesystem_error(
              "Cannot convert character sequence",
              std::make_error_code(errc::illegal_byte_sequence)));
      }

      static string_type
      _S_convert(_CharT* __f, _CharT* __l)
      {
        return _S_convert(const_cast<const _CharT*>(__f),
                          const_cast<const _CharT*>(__l));
      }

      template<typename _Iter>
        static string_type
        _S_convert(_Iter __first, _Iter __last)
        {
          const std::basic_string<_CharT> __str(__first, __last);
          return _S_convert(__str.data(), __str.data() + __str.size());
        }

      template<typename _Iter, typename _Cont>
        static string_type
        _S_convert(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<_Iter, _Cont> __first,
                  __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<_Iter, _Cont> __last)
        { return _S_convert(__first.base(), __last.base()); }
    };

  /// An iterator for the components of a path
  class path::iterator
  {
  public:
    using difference_type       = std::ptrdiff_t;
    using value_type            = path;
    using reference             = const path&;
    using pointer               = const path*;
    using iterator_category     = std::bidirectional_iterator_tag;

    iterator() : _M_path(nullptr), _M_cur(), _M_at_end() { }

    iterator(const iterator&) = default;
    iterator& operator=(const iterator&) = default;

    reference operator*() const;
    pointer   operator->() const { return std::__addressof(**this); }

    iterator& operator++();
    iterator  operator++(int) { auto __tmp = *this; ++*this; return __tmp; }

    iterator& operator--();
    iterator  operator--(int) { auto __tmp = *this; --*this; return __tmp; }

    friend bool operator==(const iterator& __lhs, const iterator& __rhs)
    { return __lhs._M_equals(__rhs); }

    friend bool operator!=(const iterator& __lhs, const iterator& __rhs)
    { return !__lhs._M_equals(__rhs); }

  private:
    friend class path;

    bool _M_is_multi() const { return _M_path->_M_type() == _Type::_Multi; }

    friend difference_type
    __path_iter_distance(const iterator& __first, const iterator& __last)
    {
      __glibcxx_assert(__first._M_path != nullptr);
      __glibcxx_assert(__first._M_path == __last._M_path);
      if (__first._M_is_multi())
        return std::distance(__first._M_cur, __last._M_cur);
      else if (__first._M_at_end == __last._M_at_end)
        return 0;
      else
        return __first._M_at_end ? -1 : 1;
    }

    friend void
    __path_iter_advance(iterator& __i, difference_type __n)
    {
      if (__n == 1)
        ++__i;
      else if (__n == -1)
        --__i;
      else if (__n != 0)
        {
          __glibcxx_assert(__i._M_path != nullptr);
          __glibcxx_assert(__i._M_is_multi());
          // __glibcxx_assert(__i._M_path->_M_cmpts.end() - __i._M_cur >= __n);
          __i._M_cur += __n;
        }
    }

    iterator(const path* __path, path::_List::const_iterator __iter)
    : _M_path(__path), _M_cur(__iter), _M_at_end()
    { }

    iterator(const path* __path, bool __at_end)
    : _M_path(__path), _M_cur(), _M_at_end(__at_end)
    { }

    bool _M_equals(iterator) const;

    const path*                 _M_path;
    path::_List::const_iterator _M_cur;
    bool                        _M_at_end;  // only used when type != _Multi
  };


  inline path&
  path::operator=(path&& __p) noexcept
  {
    if (&__p == this) [[__unlikely__]]
      return *this;

    _M_pathname = std::move(__p._M_pathname);
    _M_cmpts = std::move(__p._M_cmpts);
    __p.clear();
    return *this;
  }

  inline path&
  path::operator=(string_type&& __source)
  { return *this = path(std::move(__source)); }

  inline path&
  path::assign(string_type&& __source)
  { return *this = path(std::move(__source)); }

  inline path&
  path::operator+=(const string_type& __x)
  {
    _M_concat(__x);
    return *this;
  }

  inline path&
  path::operator+=(const value_type* __x)
  {
    _M_concat(__x);
    return *this;
  }

  inline path&
  path::operator+=(value_type __x)
  {
    _M_concat(basic_string_view<value_type>(&__x, 1));
    return *this;
  }

  inline path&
  path::operator+=(basic_string_view<value_type> __x)
  {
    _M_concat(__x);
    return *this;
  }

  template<typename _CharT>
    inline path::_Path<_CharT*, _CharT*>&
    path::operator+=(_CharT __x)
    {
      auto* __addr = std::__addressof(__x);
      return concat(__addr, __addr + 1);
    }

  inline path&
  path::make_preferred()
  {
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_FILESYSTEM_IS_WINDOWS
    std::replace(_M_pathname.begin(), _M_pathname.end(), L'/',
                 preferred_separator);
#endif
    return *this;
  }

  inline void path::swap(path& __rhs) noexcept
  {
    _M_pathname.swap(__rhs._M_pathname);
    _M_cmpts.swap(__rhs._M_cmpts);
  }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Allocator>
    std::basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
    path::_S_str_convert(const string_type& __str, const _Allocator& __a)
    {
      static_assert(!is_same_v<_CharT, value_type>);

      using _WString = basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>;

      if (__str.size() == 0)
        return _WString(__a);

#ifdef _GLIBCXX_FILESYSTEM_IS_WINDOWS
      // First convert native string from UTF-16 to to UTF-8.
      // XXX This assumes that the execution wide-character set is UTF-16.
      std::codecvt_utf8_utf16<value_type> __cvt;

      using _CharAlloc = __alloc_rebind<_Allocator, char>;
      using _String = basic_string<char, char_traits<char>, _CharAlloc>;
      _String __u8str{_CharAlloc{__a}};
      const value_type* __wfirst = __str.data();
      const value_type* __wlast = __wfirst + __str.size();
      if (__str_codecvt_out_all(__wfirst, __wlast, __u8str, __cvt)) {
      if constexpr (is_same_v<_CharT, char>)
        return __u8str; // XXX assumes native ordinary encoding is UTF-8.
      else {

      const char* __first = __u8str.data();
      const char* __last = __first + __u8str.size();
#else
      const value_type* __first = __str.data();
      const value_type* __last = __first + __str.size();
#endif

      // Convert UTF-8 string to requested format.
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_CHAR8_T
      if constexpr (is_same_v<_CharT, char8_t>)
        return _WString(__first, __last, __a);
      else
#endif
        {
          // Convert UTF-8 to wide string.
          _WString __wstr(__a);
          struct _UCvt : std::codecvt<_CharT, char, std::mbstate_t> { } __cvt;
          if (__str_codecvt_in_all(__first, __last, __wstr, __cvt))
            return __wstr;
        }

#ifdef _GLIBCXX_FILESYSTEM_IS_WINDOWS
      } }
#endif
      _GLIBCXX_THROW_OR_ABORT(filesystem_error(
            "Cannot convert character sequence",
            std::make_error_code(errc::illegal_byte_sequence)));
    }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Allocator>
    inline basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
    path::string(const _Allocator& __a) const
    {
      if constexpr (is_same_v<_CharT, value_type>)
        return { _M_pathname.c_str(), _M_pathname.length(), __a };
      else
        return _S_str_convert<_CharT, _Traits>(_M_pathname, __a);
    }

  inline std::string
  path::string() const { return string<char>(); }

#if _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
  inline std::wstring
  path::wstring() const { return string<wchar_t>(); }
#endif

#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_CHAR8_T
  inline std::u8string
  path::u8string() const { return string<char8_t>(); }
#else
  inline std::string
  path::u8string() const
  {
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_FILESYSTEM_IS_WINDOWS
    std::string __str;
    // convert from native wide encoding (assumed to be UTF-16) to UTF-8
    std::codecvt_utf8_utf16<value_type> __cvt;
    const value_type* __first = _M_pathname.data();
    const value_type* __last = __first + _M_pathname.size();
    if (__str_codecvt_out_all(__first, __last, __str, __cvt))
      return __str;
    _GLIBCXX_THROW_OR_ABORT(filesystem_error(
          "Cannot convert character sequence",
          std::make_error_code(errc::illegal_byte_sequence)));
#else
    return _M_pathname;
#endif
  }
#endif // _GLIBCXX_USE_CHAR8_T

  inline std::u16string
  path::u16string() const { return string<char16_t>(); }

  inline std::u32string
  path::u32string() const { return string<char32_t>(); }

  template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits, typename _Allocator>
    inline std::basic_string<_CharT, _Traits, _Allocator>
    path::generic_string(const _Allocator& __a) const
    {
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_FILESYSTEM_IS_WINDOWS
      const value_type __slash = L'/';
#else
      const value_type __slash = '/';
#endif
      string_type __str(__a);

      if (_M_type() == _Type::_Root_dir)
        __str.assign(1, __slash);
      else
        {
          __str.reserve(_M_pathname.size());
          bool __add_slash = false;
          for (auto& __elem : *this)
            {
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_FILESYSTEM_IS_WINDOWS
              if (__elem._M_type() == _Type::_Root_dir)
                {
                  __str += __slash;
                  continue;
                }
#endif
              if (__add_slash)
                __str += __slash;
              __str += __elem._M_pathname;
              __add_slash = __elem._M_type() == _Type::_Filename;
            }
        }

      if constexpr (is_same_v<_CharT, value_type>)
        return __str;
      else
        return _S_str_convert<_CharT, _Traits>(__str, __a);
    }

  inline std::string
  path::generic_string() const
  { return generic_string<char>(); }

#if _GLIBCXX_USE_WCHAR_T
  inline std::wstring
  path::generic_wstring() const
  { return generic_string<wchar_t>(); }
#endif

#ifdef _GLIBCXX_USE_CHAR8_T
  inline std::u8string
  path::generic_u8string() const
  { return generic_string<char8_t>(); }
#else
  inline std::string
  path::generic_u8string() const
  { return generic_string(); }
#endif

  inline std::u16string
  path::generic_u16string() const
  { return generic_string<char16_t>(); }

  inline std::u32string
  path::generic_u32string() const
  { return generic_string<char32_t>(); }

  inline int
  path::compare(const string_type& __s) const noexcept
  { return compare(basic_string_view<value_type>(__s)); }

  inline int
  path::compare(const value_type* __s) const noexcept
  { return compare(basic_string_view<value_type>(__s)); }

  inline path
  path::filename() const
  {
    if (empty())
      return {};
    else if (_M_type() == _Type::_Filename)
      return *this;
    else if (_M_type() == _Type::_Multi)
      {
        if (_M_pathname.back() == preferred_separator)
          return {};
        auto& __last = *--end();
        if (__last._M_type() == _Type::_Filename)
          return __last;
      }
    return {};
  }

  inline path
  path::stem() const
  {
    auto ext = _M_find_extension();
    if (ext.first && ext.second != 0)
      return path{ext.first->substr(0, ext.second)};
    return {};
  }

  inline path
  path::extension() const
  {
    auto ext = _M_find_extension();
    if (ext.first && ext.second != string_type::npos)
      return path{ext.first->substr(ext.second)};
    return {};
  }

  inline bool
  path::has_stem() const noexcept
  {
    auto ext = _M_find_extension();
    return ext.first && ext.second != 0;
  }

  inline bool
  path::has_extension() const noexcept
  {
    auto ext = _M_find_extension();
    return ext.first && ext.second != string_type::npos;
  }

  inline bool
  path::is_absolute() const noexcept
  {
#ifdef _GLIBCXX_FILESYSTEM_IS_WINDOWS
    return has_root_name() && has_root_directory();
#else
    return has_root_directory();
#endif
  }

  inline path::iterator
  path::begin() const
  {
    if (_M_type() == _Type::_Multi)
      return iterator(this, _M_cmpts.begin());
    return iterator(this, empty());
  }

  inline path::iterator
  path::end() const
  {
    if (_M_type() == _Type::_Multi)
      return iterator(this, _M_cmpts.end());
    return iterator(this, true);
  }

  inline path::iterator&
  path::iterator::operator++()
  {
    __glibcxx_assert(_M_path != nullptr);
    if (_M_path->_M_type() == _Type::_Multi)
      {
        __glibcxx_assert(_M_cur != _M_path->_M_cmpts.end());
        ++_M_cur;
      }
    else
      {
        __glibcxx_assert(!_M_at_end);
        _M_at_end = true;
      }
    return *this;
  }

  inline path::iterator&
  path::iterator::operator--()
  {
    __glibcxx_assert(_M_path != nullptr);
    if (_M_path->_M_type() == _Type::_Multi)
      {
        __glibcxx_assert(_M_cur != _M_path->_M_cmpts.begin());
        --_M_cur;
      }
    else
      {
        __glibcxx_assert(_M_at_end);
        _M_at_end = false;
      }
    return *this;
  }

  inline path::iterator::reference
  path::iterator::operator*() const
  {
    __glibcxx_assert(_M_path != nullptr);
    if (_M_path->_M_type() == _Type::_Multi)
      {
        __glibcxx_assert(_M_cur != _M_path->_M_cmpts.end());
        return *_M_cur;
      }
    return *_M_path;
  }

  inline bool
  path::iterator::_M_equals(iterator __rhs) const
  {
    if (_M_path != __rhs._M_path)
      return false;
    if (_M_path == nullptr)
      return true;
    if (_M_path->_M_type() == path::_Type::_Multi)
      return _M_cur == __rhs._M_cur;
    return _M_at_end == __rhs._M_at_end;
  }

  // @} group filesystem
_GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_CXX11
} // namespace filesystem

inline ptrdiff_t
distance(filesystem::path::iterator __first, filesystem::path::iterator __last)
{ return __path_iter_distance(__first, __last); }

template<typename _InputIterator, typename _Distance>
  void
  advance(filesystem::path::iterator& __i, _Distance __n)
  { __path_iter_advance(__i, static_cast<ptrdiff_t>(__n)); }

extern template class __shared_ptr<const filesystem::filesystem_error::_Impl>;

_GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_VERSION
} // namespace std

#endif // C++17

#endif // _GLIBCXX_FS_PATH_H