% !TeX root = beameruserguide.tex
% Copyright 2003-2007 by Till Tantau
% Copyright 2010 by Vedran Mileti\'c
% Copyright 2012-2015 by Vedran Mileti\'c, Joseph Wright
% Copyright 2016 by Joseph Wright
% Copyright 2017,2018 by Louis Stuart, Joseph Wright
% Copyright 2019-2026 by Joseph Wright, samcarter
%
% This file may be distributed and/or modified
%
% 1. under the LaTeX Project Public License and/or
% 2. under the GNU Free Documentation License.
%
% See the file LICENSE.md for more details.

\section{Structuring a Presentation: The Local Structure}

\LaTeX\ provides different commands for structuring text ``locally,'' for example, via the |itemize| environment. These environments are also available in the \beamer\ class, although their appearance has been slightly changed. Furthermore, the \beamer\ class also defines some new commands and environments, see below, that may help you to structure your text.


\subsection{Itemizations, Enumerations, and Descriptions}
\label{section-enumerate}

There are three predefined environments for creating lists, namely |enumerate|, |itemize|, and |description|. The first two can be nested to depth three, but nesting them to this depth creates totally unreadable slides.

The |\item| command is overlay specification-aware. If an overlay specification is provided, the item will only be shown on the specified slides, see the following example. If the |\item| command is to take an optional argument and an overlay specification, the overlay specification can either come first as in |\item<1>[Cat]| or come last as in |\item[Cat]<1>|.
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{frame}
  There are three important points:
  \begin{enumerate}
  \item<1-> A first one,
  \item<2-> a second one with a bunch of subpoints,
    \begin{itemize}
    \item first subpoint. (Only shown from second slide on!).
    \item<3-> second subpoint added on third slide.
    \item<4-> third subpoint added on fourth slide.
    \end{itemize}
  \item<5-> and a third one.
  \end{enumerate}
\end{frame}
\end{verbatim}

\begin{environment}{{itemize}\opt{|[<|\meta{default overlay specification}|>]|}}
  Used to display a list of items that do not have a special ordering. Inside the environment, use an |\item| command for each topic.

  If the optional parameter \meta{default overlay specification} is given, in every occurrence of an |\item| command that does not have an overlay specification attached to it, the \meta{default overlay specification} is used. By setting this specification to be an incremental overlay specification, see Section~\ref{section-incremental}, you can implement, for example, a step-wise uncovering of the items. The \meta{default overlay specification} is inherited by subenvironments. Naturally, in a subenvironment you can reset it locally by setting it to |<1->|.
  \example
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{itemize}
\item This is important.
\item This is also important.
\end{itemize}
\end{verbatim}

  \example
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{itemize}[<+->]
\item This is shown from the first slide on.
\item This is shown from the second slide on.
\item This is shown from the third slide on.
\item<1-> This is shown from the first slide on.
\item This is shown from the fourth slide on.
\end{itemize}
\end{verbatim}

  \example
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{itemize}[<+-| alert@+>]
\item This is shown from the first slide on and alerted on the first slide.
\item This is shown from the second slide on and alerted on the second slide.
\item This is shown from the third slide on and alerted on the third slide.
\end{itemize}
\end{verbatim}

  \example
\begin{verbatim}
\newenvironment{mystepwiseitemize}{\begin{itemize}[<+-| alert@+>]}{\end{itemize}}
\end{verbatim}

  The appearance of an |itemize| list is governed by several templates. The first template concerns the way the little marker introducing each item is typeset:
  \begin{element}{itemize items}\semiyes\no\no
    This template is a parent template, whose children are |itemize item|, |itemize subitem|, and |itemize subsubitem|. This means that if you use the |\setbeamertemplate| command on this template, the command is instead called for all of these children (with the same arguments).

    \begin{templateoptions}
      \itemoption{default}{}
      The default item marker is a small triangle colored with the foreground of the \beamer-color |itemize item| (or, for subitems, |itemize subitem| etc.). Note that these colors will automatically change under certain circumstances such as inside an example block or inside an |alertenv| environment.
      \itemoption{triangle}{}
      Alias for the default.
      \itemoption{circle}{}
      Uses little circles (or dots) as item markers.
      \itemoption{square}{}
      Uses little squares as item markers.
      \itemoption{ball}{}
      Uses little balls as item markers.
    \end{templateoptions}
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{itemize item}\yes\yes\yes
    \colorfontparents{item}
    This template (with |item| instead of |items|) governs how the marker in front of a first-level item is typeset. ``First-level'' refers to the level of nesting. See the |itemize items| template for the \meta{options} that may be given.

    When the template is inserted, the \beamer-font and -color |itemize item| is installed. Typically, the font is ignored by the template as some special symbol is drawn anyway, by the font may be important if an optional argument is given to the |\item| command as in |\item[First]|.

    The font and color inherit from the |item| font and color, which are explained at the end of this section.
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{itemize subitem}\yes\yes\yes
    \colorfontparents{subitem}
    Like |itemize item|, only for second-level items. An item of an itemize inside an enumerate counts as a second-level item.
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{itemize subsubitem}\yes\yes\yes
    \colorfontparents{subsubitem}
    Like |itemize item|, only for third-level items.
  \end{element}
\end{environment}

\begin{environment}{{enumerate}\opt{|[<|\meta{default overlay specification}|>]|}\oarg{mini template}}
  Used to display a list of items that are ordered. Inside the environment, use an |\item| command for each topic. By default, before each item increasing Arabic numbers followed by a dot are printed (as in ``1.'' and ``2.''). This can be changed by specifying a different template, see below.

  The first optional argument \meta{default overlay specification} has exactly the same effect as for the |itemize| environment. It is ``detected'' by the opening |<|-sign in the \meta{default overlay specification}. Thus, if there is only one optional argument and if this argument does not start with |<|, then it is considered to be a \meta{mini template}.

  The syntax of the \meta{mini template} is the same as the syntax of mini templates in the |enumerate| package (you do not need to include the |enumerate| package, this is done automatically). Roughly spoken, the text of the \meta{mini template} is printed before each item, but any occurrence of a |1| in the mini template is replaced by the current item number, an occurrence of the letter |A| is replaced by the $i$-th letter of the alphabet (in uppercase) for the $i$-th item, and the letters |a|, |i|, and |I| are replaced by the corresponding lowercase letters, lowercase Roman letters, and uppercase Roman letters, respectively. So the mini template |(i)| would yield the items (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), and so on. The mini template |A.)| would yield the items A.), B.), C.), D.) and so on. For more details on the possible mini templates, see the documentation of the |enumerate| package. Note that there is also a template that governs the appearance of the mini template.

  \example
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{enumerate}
\item This is important.
\item This is also important.
\end{enumerate}

\begin{enumerate}[(i)]
\item First Roman point.
\item Second Roman point.
\end{enumerate}

\begin{enumerate}[<+->][(i)]
\item First Roman point.
\item Second Roman point, uncovered on second slide.
\end{enumerate}
\end{verbatim}

  \articlenote
  To use the \meta{mini template}, you have to include the package |enumerate|.

  \begin{element}{enumerate items}\semiyes\no\no
    Similar to |itemize items|, this template is a parent template, whose children are |enumerate item|, |enumerate subitem|, |enumerate subsubitem|, and |enumerate mini template|. These templates govern how the text (the number) of an enumeration is typeset.

    \begin{templateoptions}
      \itemoption{default}{}
      The default enumeration marker uses the scheme 1., 2., 3.\ for the first level, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 for the second level and 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3 for the third level.
      \itemoption{circle}{}
      Places the numbers inside little circles. The colors are taken from |item projected| or |subitem projected| or |subsubitem projected|.
      \itemoption{square}{}
      Places the numbers on little squares.
      \itemoption{ball}{}
      ``Projects'' the numbers onto little balls.
    \end{templateoptions}
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{enumerate item}\yes\yes\yes
    This template governs how the number in front of a first-level item is typeset. The level here refers to the level of enumeration nesting only. Thus an enumerate inside an itemize is a first-level enumerate (but it uses the second-level |itemize/enumerate body|).

    When the template is inserted, the \beamer-font and -color |enumerate item| are installed.

    The following command is useful for this template:
    \begin{templateinserts}
      \iteminsert{\insertenumlabel}
      inserts the current number of the top-level enumeration (as an Arabic number). This insert is also available in the next two templates.
    \end{templateinserts}
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{enumerate subitem}\yes\yes\yes
    Like |enumerate item|, only for second-level items.

    \begin{templateinserts}
      \iteminsert{\insertsubenumlabel}
      inserts the current number of the second-level enumeration (as an Arabic number).
    \end{templateinserts}

    \example
\begin{verbatim}
\setbeamertemplate{enumerate subitem}{\insertenumlabel-\insertsubenumlabel}
\end{verbatim}
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{enumerate subsubitem}\yes\yes\yes
    Like |enumerate item|, only for third-level items.

    \begin{templateinserts}
      \iteminsert{\insertsubsubenumlabel}
      inserts the current number of the third-level enumeration (as an Arabic number).
    \end{templateinserts}
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{enumerate mini template}\yes\yes\yes
    This template is used to typeset the number that arises from a mini template.

    \begin{templateinserts}
      \iteminsert{\insertenumlabel}
      inserts the current number rendered by this mini template. For example, if the \meta{mini template} is |(i)| and this command is used in the fourth item, |\insertenumlabel| would yield |(iv)|.
    \end{templateinserts}
  \end{element}
\end{environment}

The following templates govern how the \emph{body} of an |itemize| or an |enumerate| is typeset.
\begin{element}{itemize/enumerate body begin}\yes\no\no
  This template is inserted at the beginning of a first-level |itemize| or |enumerate| environment. Furthermore, before this template is inserted, the \beamer-font and -color |itemize/enumerate body| is used.
\end{element}
\begin{element}{itemize/enumerate body end}\yes\no\no
  This template is inserted at the end of a first-level |itemize| or |enumerate| environment.
\end{element}
There exist corresponding templates like |itemize/enumerate subbody begin| for second- and third-level itemize or enumerates.

\begin{element}{items}\semiyes\no\no
  This template is a parent template of |itemize items| and |enumerate items|.
  \example
  |\setbeamertemplate{items}[circle]| will cause all items in |itemize| or |enumerate| environments to become circles (of the appropriate size, color, and font).
\end{element}

\label{section-descriptions}

\begin{environment}{{description}\opt{|[<|\meta{default overlay specification}|>]|}\oarg{long text}}
  Like |itemize|, but used to display a list that explains or defines labels. The width of \meta{long text} is used to set the indentation. Normally, you choose the widest label in the description and copy it here. If you do not give this argument, the default width is used, which can be changed using |\setbeamersize| with the argument |description width=|\meta{width}.

  As for |enumerate|, the \meta{default overlay specification} is detected by an opening~|<|. The effect is the same as for |enumerate| and |itemize|.
  \example
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{description}
\item[Lion] King of the savanna.
\item[Tiger] King of the jungle.
\end{description}

\begin{description}[longest label]
\item<1->[short] Some text.
\item<2->[longest label] Some text.
\item<3->[long label] Some text.
\end{description}
\end{verbatim}

  \example
  The following has the same effect as the previous example:
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{description}[<+->][longest label]
\item[short] Some text.
\item[longest label] Some text.
\item[long label] Some text.
\end{description}
\end{verbatim}

  \begin{element}{description item}\yes\yes\yes
    This template is used to typeset the description items. When this template is called, the \beamer-font and -color |description item| are installed.

    \begin{templateoptions}
      \itemoption{default}{}
      By default, the description item text is just inserted without any modification.
    \end{templateoptions}

    The main insert that is useful inside this template is:
    \begin{templateinserts}
      \iteminsert{\insertdescriptionitem} inserts the text of the current description item.
    \end{templateinserts}
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{description body begin}\yes\no\no
    This template is inserted at the beginning of a |description| environment. Furthermore, before this template is inserted, the \beamer-font and -color |description body| is used.
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{description body end}\yes\no\no
    This template is inserted at the end of a |description| environment.
  \end{element}
\end{environment}

In order to simplify changing the color or font of items, the different kinds of items inherit from or just use the following ``general'' \beamer-color and fonts:

\begin{element}{item}\no\yes\yes
  \colorparents{local structure}
  \fontparents{structure}

  This color/font serves as a parent for the individual items of |itemize| and |enumerate| environments, but also for items in the table of contents. Since its color parent is the |local structure|, a change of that color causes the color of items to change accordingly.
\end{element}

\begin{element}{item projected}\no\yes\yes
  \colorfontparents{item}

  This is a special ``version'' of the |item| color and font that should be used by templates that render items with text (as in an enumeration) and which ``project'' this text onto something like a ball or a square or whatever. While the normal |item| color typically has a transparent background, the |item projected| typically has a colored background and, say, a white foreground.
\end{element}

\begin{element}{subitem}\no\yes\yes
  \colorfontparents{item}
  Same as |item| for subitems, that is, for items on the second level of indentation.
\end{element}

\begin{element}{subitem projected}\no\yes\yes
  \colorfontparents{item projected}
  Same as |item projected| for subitems, that is, for items on the second level of indentation.
\end{element}

\begin{element}{subsubitem}\no\yes\yes
  \colorfontparents{subitem}
  Same as |subitem| for subsubitems, that is, for items on the third level of indentation.
\end{element}

\begin{element}{subsubitem projected}\no\yes\yes
  \colorfontparents{subitem projected}
  Same as |subitem projected| for subsubitems, that is, for items on the third level of indentation.
\end{element}


\subsection{Highlighting}

The \beamer\ class predefines commands and environments for highlighting text. Using these commands makes it easy to change the appearance of a document by changing the theme.

\begin{command}{\structure\sarg{overlay specification}\marg{text}}
  The given text is marked as part of the structure, that is, it is supposed to help the audience see the structure of your presentation. If the \meta{overlay specification} is present, the command only has an effect on the specified slides.
  \example
  |\structure{Paragraph Heading.}|

  Internally, this command just puts the \emph{text} inside a |structureenv| environment.

  \articlenote
  Structure text is typeset as bold text. This can be changed by modifying the templates.

  \begin{element}{structure}\no\yes\yes
    This color/font is used when structured text is typeset, but it is also widely used as a base for many other colors including the headings of blocks, item buttons, and titles. In most color themes, the colors for navigational elements in the headline or the footline are derived from the foreground color of |structure|. By changing the structure color you can easily change the ``basic color'' of your presentation, other than the color of normal text. See also the related color |local structure| and the related font |tiny structure|.

    Inside the |\structure| command, the background of the color is ignored, but this is not necessarily true for elements that inherit their color from |structure|. There is no template |structure|, use |structure begin| and |structure end| instead.
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{local structure}\no\yes\no
    This color should be used to typeset structural elements that change their color according to the ``local environment.'' For example, an item ``button'' in an |itemize| environment changes its color according to circumstances. If it is used inside an example block, it should have the |example text| color; if it is currently ``alerted'' it should have the |alerted text| color. This color is setup by certain environments to have the color that should be used to typeset things like item buttons. Since the color used for items, |item|, inherits from this color by default, items automatically change their color according to the current situation.

    If you write your own environment in which the item buttons and similar structural elements should have a different color, you should change the color |local structure| inside these environments.
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{tiny structure}\no\no\yes
    This special font is used for ``tiny'' structural text. Basically, this font should be used whenever a structural element uses a tiny font. The idea is that the tiny versions of the |structure| font often are not suitable. For example, it is often necessary to use a boldface version for them. Also, one might wish to have serif smallcaps structural text, but still retain normal sans-serif tiny structural text.
  \end{element}
\end{command}

\begin{environment}{{structureenv}\sarg{overlay specification}}
  Environment version of the |\structure| command.

  \begin{element}{structure begin}\yes\no\no
    This text is inserted at the beginning of a |structureenv| environment.

    \begin{templateoptions}
      \itemoption{default}{}

      \articlenote
      The text is typeset in boldface.
    \end{templateoptions}
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{structure end}\yes\no\no
    This text is inserted at the end of a |structureenv| environment.
  \end{element}
\end{environment}


\begin{command}{\alert\sarg{overlay specification}\marg{highlighted text}}
  The given text is highlighted, typically by coloring the text red. If the \meta{overlay specification} is present, the command only has an effect on the specified slides.
  \example
  |This is \alert{important}.|

  Internally, this command just puts the \emph{highlighted text} inside an |alertenv|.

  \articlenote
  Alerted text is typeset as emphasized text. This can be changed by modifying the templates, see below.

  \begin{element}{alerted text}\no\yes\yes
    This color/font is used when alerted text is typeset. The background is currently ignored. There is no template |alerted text|, rather there are templates |alerted text begin| and |alerted text end| that are inserted before and after alerted text.
  \end{element}
\end{command}

\begin{environment}{{alertenv}\sarg{overlay specification}}
  Environment version of the |\alert| command.

  \begin{element}{alerted text begin}\yes\no\no
    This text is inserted at the beginning of an |alertenv| environment.

    \begin{templateoptions}
      \itemoption{default}{}

      \beamernote
      This changes the color |local structure| to |alerted text|. This causes things like buttons or items to be colored in the same color as the alerted text, which is often visually pleasing. See also the |\structure| command.

      \articlenote
      The text is emphasized.
    \end{templateoptions}
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{alerted text end}\yes\no\no
    This text is inserted at the end of an |alertenv| environment.
  \end{element}
\end{environment}


\subsection{Block Environments}
\label{predefined}

The \beamer\ class predefines an environment for typesetting a ``block'' of text that has a heading. The appearance of blocks can easily be changed using the following template:

\begin{element}{blocks}\semiyes\no\no
  Changing this parent template changes the templates of normal blocks, alerted blocks, and example blocks.

  \example
  |\setbeamertemplate{blocks}[default]|
  \example
  |\setbeamertemplate{blocks}[rounded][shadow=true]|

  \begin{templateoptions}
    \itemoption{default}{\oarg{}}
    The default setting typesets the block title on its own line. If a background is specified either for the |block title| or for the |block body|, this background color is used as background of the title or body, respectively. For alerted and example blocks, the corresponding \beamer-colors and -fonts are used, instead.
    \itemoption{rounded}{\oarg{shadow=true}}
    Makes the blocks ``rounded.'' This means that the corners of the backgrounds of the blocks are ``rounded off.'' If the |shadow=true| option is given, a ``shadow'' is drawn behind the block.
  \end{templateoptions}
\end{element}


\begin{environment}{{block}\sarg{action specification}\marg{block title}\sarg{action specification}}
  Only one \meta{action specification} may be given. Inserts a block, like a definition or a theorem, with the title \meta{block title}. If the \meta{action specification} is present, the given actions are taken on the specified slides, see Section~\ref{section-action-specifications}. In the example, the definition is shown only from slide 3 onward.
  \example
\begin{verbatim}
  \begin{block}<3->{Definition}
    A \alert{set} consists of elements.
  \end{block}
\end{verbatim}

  \articlenote
  The block name is typeset in bold.

  \begin{element}{block begin}\yes\no\no
    This template is inserted at the beginning of a block before the \meta{environment contents}. Inside this template, the block title can be accessed via the following insert:
    \begin{itemize}
      \iteminsert{\insertblocktitle}
      Inserts the \meta{block title} into the template.
    \end{itemize}

    When the template starts, no special color or font is installed (for somewhat complicated reasons). Thus, this template should install the correct colors and fonts for the title and the body itself.
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{block end}\yes\no\no
    This template is inserted at the end of a block.
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{block title}\no\yes\yes
    This \beamer-color/-font should be used to typeset the title of the block. Since neither the color nor the font are setup automatically, the template |block begin| must do so itself.

    The default block template and also the |rounded| version honor the background of this color.
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{block body}\no\yes\yes
    This \beamer-color/-font should be used to typeset the body of the block, that is, the \meta{environment contents}. As for |block title|, the color and font must be setup by the template |block begin|.
  \end{element}
\end{environment}

\begin{environment}{{alertblock}\sarg{action specification}\marg{block
title}\sarg{action specification}}
  Inserts a block whose title is highlighting. Behaves like the |block| environment otherwise.
  \example
\begin{verbatim}
  \begin{alertblock}{Wrong Theorem}
    $1=2$.
  \end{alertblock}
\end{verbatim}

  \articlenote
  The block name is typeset in bold and is emphasized.

  \begin{element}{block alerted begin}\yes\no\no
    Same applies as for normal blocks.
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{block alerted end}\yes\no\no
    Same applies as for normal blocks.
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{block title alerted}\no\yes\yes
    Same applies as for normal blocks.
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{block body alerted}\no\yes\yes
    Same applies as for normal blocks.
  \end{element}
\end{environment}

\begin{environment}{{exampleblock}\sarg{action specification}\marg{block title}\sarg{action specification}}
  Inserts a block that is supposed to be an example. Behaves like the |block| environment otherwise.

  \example
  In the following example, the block is completely suppressed on the first slide (it does not even occupy any space).
\begin{verbatim}
  \begin{exampleblock}{Example}<only@2->
    The set $\{1,2,3,5\}$ has four elements.
  \end{exampleblock}
\end{verbatim}

  \articlenote
  The block name is typeset in italics.

  \begin{element}{block example begin}\yes\no\no
    Same applies as for normal blocks.
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{block example end}\yes\no\no
    Same applies as for normal blocks.
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{block title example}\no\yes\yes
    Same applies as for normal blocks.
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{block body example}\no\yes\yes
    Same applies as for normal blocks.
  \end{element}
\end{environment}


\subsection{Theorem Environments}
\label{section-theorems}

The \beamer\ class predefines several environments, like |theorem| or |definition| or |proof|, that you can use to typeset things like, well, theorems, definitions, or proofs. The complete list is the following:
|theorem|, |Theorem|, |corollary|, |Corollary|, |definition|, |Definition|, |definitions|, |fact|, |example|, |Example|, |examples|, |Examples|, |lemma|, |Lemma|, |problem|, |Problem|, |proof|, |Proof|, and |solution|.

The following German block environments are also predefined: |Problem|, |Loesung|, |Definition|, |Satz|, |Beweis|, |Folgerung|, |Lemma|, |Fakt|, |Theorem|, |Beispiel|, and |Beispiele|.

Here is a typical example on how to use them:
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{A Theorem on Infinite Sets}

  \begin{theorem}<1->
    There exists an infinite set.
  \end{theorem}

  \begin{proof}<2->
    This follows from the axiom of infinity.
  \end{proof}

  \begin{example}<3->[Natural Numbers]
    The set of natural numbers is infinite.
  \end{example}
\end{frame}
\end{verbatim}

In the following, only the English versions are discussed. The German ones behave analogously.

\begin{environment}{{theorem}\sarg{action specification}\oarg{additional text}\sarg{action specification}}
  Inserts a theorem. Only one \meta{action specification} may be given. If present, the \meta{additional text} is shown behind the word ``Theorem'' in rounded brackets (although this can be changed by the template).

  The appearance of the theorem is governed by the templates |theorem begin| and |theorem end|, see their description later on for details on how to change these. Every theorem is put into a |block| environment, thus the templates for blocks also apply.

  The theorem style (a concept from |amsthm|) used for this environment is |plain|. In this style, the body of a theorem should be typeset in italics. The head of the theorem should be typeset in a bold font, but this is usually overruled by the templates.

  If the option |envcountsect| is given either as class option in one of the |presentation| modes or as an option to the package |beamerarticle| in |article| mode, then the numbering of the theorems is local to each section with the section number prefixing the theorem number; otherwise they are numbered consecutively throughout the presentation or article. We recommend using this option in |article| mode.

  By default, no theorem numbers are shown in the |presentation| modes.

  \example
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{theorem}[Kummer, 1992]
  If $\#^_A^n$ is $n$-enumerable, then $A$ is recursive.
\end{theorem}

\begin{theorem}<2->[Tantau, 2002]
  If $\#_A^2$ is $2$-fa-enumerable, then $A$ is regular.
\end{theorem}
\end{verbatim}

\end{environment}

The environments \declare{|corollary|}, \declare{|fact|}, and \declare{|lemma|} behave exactly the same way.

\begin{classoption}{envcountsect}
  Causes theorems, definitions, and so on to be numbered locally to each section. Thus, the first theorem of the second section would be Theorem~2.1 (assuming that there are no definitions, lemmas, or corollaries earlier in the section).
\end{classoption}

\begin{environment}{{definition}\sarg{action specification}\oarg{additional text}\sarg{action specification}}
  Behaves like the |theorem| environment, except that the theorem style |definition| is used. In this style, the body of a theorem is typeset in an upright font.
\end{environment}

The environment \declare{|definitions|} behaves exactly the same way.

\begin{environment}{{example}\sarg{action specification}\oarg{additional text}\sarg{action specification}}
  Behaves like the |theorem| environment, except that the theorem style |example| is used. A side-effect of using this theorem style is that the \meta{environment contents} is put in an |exampleblock| instead of a |block|.
\end{environment}

The environment \declare{|examples|} behaves exactly the same way.

\beamernote
The default template for typesetting theorems suppresses the theorem number, even if this number is ``available'' for typesetting (which it is by default in all predefined environments; but if you define your own environment using |\newtheorem*| no number will be available).

\articlenote
In |article| mode, theorems are automatically numbered. By specifying the class option |envcountsect|, theorems will be numbered locally to each section, which is usually a good idea, except for very short articles.

\begin{environment}{{proof}\sarg{action specification}\oarg{proof name}\sarg{action specification}}
  Typesets a proof. If the optional \meta{proof name} is given, it completely replaces the word ``Proof.'' This is different from normal theorems, where the optional argument is shown in brackets.

  At the end of the proof, a |\qed| symbol is shown, except if you say |\qedhere| earlier in the proof (this is exactly as in |amsthm|). The default |\qed| symbol is an open square. To completely suppress the symbol, write |\def\qedsymbol{}| in your preamble. To get a closed square, say
\begin{verbatim}
\setbeamertemplate{qed symbol}{\vrule width1.5ex height1.5ex depth0pt}
\end{verbatim}

  If you use |babel| and a different language, the text ``Proof'' is replaced by whatever is appropriate in the selected language.

  \example
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{proof}<2->[Sketch of proof]
  Suppose ...
\end{proof}
\end{verbatim}

  \begin{element}{qed symbol}\yes\yes\yes
    The symbol is shown at the end of every proof.
  \end{element}
\end{environment}

You can define new environments using the following command:

\begin{command}{\newtheorem\opt{|*|}\marg{environment name}\oarg{numbered same as}\marg{head text}\oarg{number within}}
  This command is used exactly the same way as in the |amsthm| package (as a matter of fact, it is the command from that package). For example, the two optional arguments, \meta{numbered same as} and \meta{number within}, are mutually exclusive; see the documentation of |amsthm| for details. The only difference is that environments declared using this command are overlay specification-aware in \beamer\ and that, when typeset, are typeset according to \beamer's templates.

  \articlenote
  Environments declared using this command are also overlay specification-aware in |article| mode.

  \example
  |\newtheorem{observation}[theorem]{Observation}|
\end{command}

You can also use |amsthm|'s command |\newtheoremstyle| to define new theorem styles. Note that the default template for theorems will ignore any head font setting, but will honor the body font setting.

If you wish to define the environments like |theorem| differently (for example, have it numbered within each subsection), you can use the following class option to disable the definition of the predefined environments:

\begin{classoption}{notheorems}
  Switches off the definition of default blocks like |theorem|, but still loads |amsthm| and makes theorems overlay specification-aware.
\end{classoption}

The option is also available as a package option for |beamerarticle| and has the same effect.

\articlenote
In the |article| version, the package |amsthm| sometimes clashes with the document class. In this case you can use the following option, which is once more available as a class option for \beamer\ and as a package option for |beamerarticle|, to switch off the loading of |amsthm| altogether.

\begin{classoption}{noamsthm}
  Does not load |amsthm| and also not |amsmath|. Environments like |theorem| or |proof| will not be available.
\end{classoption}

\begin{classoption}{noamssymb}
  Does not load |amssymb|. This option is mainly intended for users who are loading specialist font packages. Note that |\blacktriangleright| needs to be defined if |itemize| environments are in use.
\end{classoption}

\begin{classoption}{leqno}
  Place equation numbers on the left.
\end{classoption}

\begin{classoption}{fleqn}
  Position equations at a fixed indent from the left margin rather than centered in the text column.
\end{classoption}

\begin{element}{theorems}\semiyes\no\no
  This template is a parent of |theorem begin| and |theorem end|, see the first for a detailed discussion of how the theorem templates are set.

  \example
  |\setbeamertemplate{theorems}[numbered]|

  \begin{templateoptions}
    \itemoption{default}{}
    By default, theorems are typeset as follows: The font specification for the body is honored, the font specification for the head is ignored. No theorem number is printed.
    \itemoption{normal font}{}
    Like the default, except all font specifications for the body are ignored. Thus, the fonts are used that are normally used for blocks.
    \itemoption{numbered}{}
    This option is like the default, except that the theorem number is printed for environments that are numbered.
    \itemoption{ams style}{}
    This causes theorems to be put in a |block| or |exampleblock|, but to be otherwise typeset as is normally done in |amsthm|. Thus the head font and body font depend on the setting for the theorem to be typeset and theorems are numbered.
  \end{templateoptions}
\end{element}


\begin{element}{theorem begin}\yes\no\no
  Whenever an environment declared using the command |\newtheorem| is to be typeset, this template is inserted at the beginning and the template |theorem end| at the end. If there is an overlay specification when an environment like |theorem| is used, this overlay specification will directly follow the \meta{block beginning template} upon invocation. This is even true if there was an optional argument to the |theorem| environment. This optional argument is available via the insert |\inserttheoremaddition|.

  Numerous inserts are available in this template, see below.

  Before the template starts, the font is set to the body font prescribed by the environment to be typeset.

  \example
  The following typesets theorems like |amsthm|:
\begin{verbatim}
\setbeamertemplate{theorem begin}
{%
  \begin{\inserttheoremblockenv}
  {%
    \inserttheoremheadfont
    \inserttheoremname
    \inserttheoremnumber
    \ifx\inserttheoremaddition\@empty\else\ (\inserttheoremaddition)\fi%
    \inserttheorempunctuation
  }%
}
\setbeamertemplate{theorem end}{\end{\inserttheoremblockenv}}
\end{verbatim}

  \example
  In the following example, all font ``suggestions'' for the environment are suppressed or ignored; and the theorem number is suppressed.
\begin{verbatim}
\setbeamertemplate{theorem begin}
{%
  \normalfont% ignore body font
  \begin{\inserttheoremblockenv}
  {%
    \inserttheoremname
    \ifx\inserttheoremaddition\@empty\else\ (\inserttheoremaddition)\fi%
  }%
}
\setbeamertemplate{theorem end}{\end{\inserttheoremblockenv}}
\end{verbatim}

  The following inserts are available inside this template:
  \begin{itemize}
    \iteminsert{\inserttheoremblockenv}
    This will normally expand to |block|, but if a theorem that has theorem style |example| is typeset, it will expand to |exampleblock|. Thus you can use this insert to decide which environment should be used when typesetting the theorem.

    \iteminsert{\inserttheoremheadfont}
    This will expand to a font changing command that switches to the font to be used in the head of the theorem. By not inserting it, you can ignore the head font.

    \iteminsert{\inserttheoremname}
    This will expand to the name of the environment to be typeset (like ``Theorem'' or ``Corollary'').

    \iteminsert{\inserttheoremnumber}
    This will expand to the number of the current theorem preceded by a space or to nothing, if the current theorem does not have a number.

    \iteminsert{\inserttheoremaddition}
    This will expand to the optional argument given to the environment or will be empty, if there was no optional argument.

    \iteminsert{\inserttheorempunctuation}
    This will expand to the punctuation character for the current environment. This is usually a period.
  \end{itemize}
\end{element}

\begin{element}{theorem end}\yes\no\no
  Inserted at the end of a theorem.
\end{element}

\begin{element}{proof begin}\yes\no\no
  Inserted at the beginning of a |proof| environment. This template behaves like a normal |block begin| template by default.

  \begin{itemize}
    \iteminsert{\insertproofname}
    This will expand to the proof name, followed by a period most of the time.
  \end{itemize}
\end{element}

\begin{element}{proof end}\yes\no\no
  Inserted at the end of a |proof| environment.
\end{element}

\subsection{Framed and Boxed Text}

In order to draw a frame (a rectangle) around some text, you can use \LaTeX's standard command |\fbox| and also |\frame| (inside a \beamer\ frame, the |\frame| command changes its meaning to the normal \LaTeX\ |\frame| command). More frame types are offered by the package |fancybox|, which defines the following commands: |\shadowbox|, |\doublebox|, |\ovalbox|, and |\Ovalbox|. Please consult the \LaTeX\ Companion for details on how to use these commands.

The \beamer\ class also defines two environments for creating colored boxes.

\begin{environment}{{beamercolorbox}\oarg{options}\marg{beamer color}}
  This environment can be used to conveniently typeset some text using some \beamer-color. Basically, the following two command blocks do the same:
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{beamercolorbox}{beamer color}
  Text
\end{beamercolorbox}

{
  \usebeamercolor{beamer color}
  \colorbox{bg}{
    \color{fg}
    Text
  }
}
\end{verbatim}

  In other words, the environment installs the \meta{beamer color} and uses the background for the background of the box and the foreground for the text inside the box. However, in reality, numerous \meta{options} can be given to specify in much greater detail how the box is rendered.

  If the background color of \meta{beamer color} is empty, no background is drawn behind the text, that is, the background is ``transparent.''

  This command is used extensively by the default inner and outer themes for typesetting the headlines and footlines. It is not really intended to be used in normal frames (for example, it is not available inside |article| mode). You should prefer using structuring elements like blocks or theorems that automatically insert colored boxes as needed.

  \example
  The following example could be used to typeset a headline with two lines, the first showing the document title, the second showing the author's name:
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{beamercolorbox}[ht=2.5ex,dp=1ex,center]{title in head/foot}
  \usebeamerfont{title in head/foot}
  \insertshorttitle
\end{beamercolorbox}%
\begin{beamercolorbox}[ht=2.5ex,dp=1ex,center]{author in head/foot}
  \usebeamerfont{author in head/foot}
  \insertshortauthor
\end{beamercolorbox}
\end{verbatim}

  \example
  Typesetting a postit:
\begin{verbatim}
\setbeamercolor{postit}{fg=black,bg=yellow}
\begin{beamercolorbox}[sep=1em,wd=5cm]{postit}
  Place me somewhere!
\end{beamercolorbox}
\end{verbatim}

  The following \meta{options} can be given:
  \begin{itemize}
  \item
    \declare{|wd=|\marg{width}} sets the width of the box. This command has two effects: First, \TeX's |\hsize| is set to \meta{width}. Second, after the box has been typeset, its width is set to \meta{width} (no matter what it actually turned out to be). Since setting the |\hsize| does not automatically change some of \LaTeX's linewidth dimensions, you should consider using a minipage inside this environment if you fool around with the width.

    If the width is larger than the normal text width, as specified by the value of |\textwidth|, the width of the resulting box is reset to the width |\textwidth|, but intelligent negative skips are inserted at the left and right end of the box. The net effect of this is that you can use a width larger than the text width for a box and can insert the resulting box directly into normal text without getting annoying warnings and having the box positioned sensibly.
  \item
    \declare{|dp=|\marg{depth}} sets the depth of the box, overriding the real depth of the box. The box is first typeset normally, then the depth is changed afterwards. This option is useful for creating boxes that have guaranteed size.

    If the option is not given, the box has its ``natural'' depth, which results from the typesetting. For example, a box containing only the letter ``a'' will have a different depth from a box containing only the letter ``g.''
  \item
    \declare{|ht=|\meta{height}} sets the height of the box, overriding the real height. Note that the ``height'' does not include the depth (see, for example, the \TeX-book for details). If you want a one-line box that always has the same size, setting the height to 2.25ex and the depth to 1ex is usually a good option.
  \item
    \declare{|left|} causes the text inside the box to be typeset left-aligned and with a (radically) ragged right border. This is the default. To get a better ragged right border, use the |rightskip| option. Note that this will override any |leftskip| or |rightskip| setting.
  \item
    \declare{|right|} causes the text to be right-aligned with a (radically) ragged left border. Note that this will override any |leftskip| or |rightskip| setting.
  \item
    \declare{|center|} centers the text inside the box. Note that this will override any |leftskip| or |rightskip| setting.
  \item
    \declare{|leftskip=|\meta{left skip}} installs the \meta{left skip} inside the box as the left skip. \TeX's left skip is a glue that is inserted at the left end of every line. See the \TeX-book for details. Note that this will override any |left|, |center| or |right| setting.
  \item
    \declare{|rightskip=|\meta{right skip}} install the \meta{right skip}. To get a good ragged right border, try, say, |\rightskip=0pt plus 4em|. Note that this will override any |left|, |center| or |right| setting.
  \item
    \declare{|sep=|\meta{dimension}} sets the size of extra space around the text. This space is added ``inside the box,'' which means that if you specify a |sep| of 1cm and insert the box normally into the vertical list, then the left border of the box will be aligned with the left border of the slide text, while the left border of the text inside the box will be 1cm to the right of this left border. Likewise, the text inside the box will stop 1cm before the right border of the normal text.
  \item
    \declare{|colsep=|\meta{dimension}} sets the extra ``color separation space'' around the text. This space behaves the same way as the space added by |sep|, only this space is only inserted if the box has a colored background, that is, if the background of the \meta{beamer color} is not empty. This command can be used together with |sep|, the effects accumulate.
  \item
    \declare{|colsep*=|\meta{dimension}} sets an extra color separation space around the text that is \emph{horizontally outside the box}. This means that if the box has a background, this background will protrude by \meta{dimension} to the left and right of the text, but this protruding background will not be taken into consideration by \TeX\ for typesetting purposes.

    A typical example usage of this option arises when you insert a box with a colored background in the middle of normal text. In this case, if the background color is set, you would like a background to be drawn behind the text \emph{and} you would like a certain extra space around this text (the background should not stop immediately at the borders of the text, this looks silly) \emph{and} you would like the normal text always to be at the same horizontal position, independently of whether a background is present or not. In this case, using |colsep*=4pt| is a good option.
  \item
    \declare{|shadow|}\opt{|=|\meta{\underline{true} or false}} draws a shadow behind the box. Currently, this option only has an effect if used together with the |rounded| option, but that may change.
  \item
    \declare{|rounded=|\meta{true or false}} causes the borders of the box to be rounded off if there is a background installed. This command internally calls |beamerboxesrounded|. In this case, |colsep*| option will have no effect.
  \item
    \declare{|ignorebg|} causes the background color of the \meta{beamer color} to be ignored, that is, to be treated as if it were set to ``transparent'' or ``empty.''
  \item
    \declare{|vmode|} causes \TeX\ to be in vertical mode when the box starts. Normally, \TeX\ will be in horizontal mode at the start of the box (a |\leavevmode| is inserted automatically at the beginning of the box unless this option is given). Only \TeX perts need this option, so, if you use it, you will probably know what you are doing anyway.
  \item
    \declare{|bgopacity|=\marg{opacity}} sets the opacity with which the background is drawn. To draw a box with 30\% transparent background, set |bgopacity=0.7|. Note that combining rounded corners and a transparent background can lead to fine gaps appearing in the box because the box is drawn in multiple segments. If |bgopacity| is not specified, |\pgfsetfillopacity| is never set so that the surrounding opacity setting is adopted.
  \end{itemize}
\end{environment}

\begin{environment}{{beamerboxesrounded}\oarg{options}\marg{head}}
  The text inside the environment is framed by a rectangular area with rounded corners. For the large rectangular area, the \beamer-color specified with the |lower| option  is used. Its background is used for the background, its foreground for the foreground. If the \meta{head} is not empty, \meta{head} is drawn in the upper part of the box using the \beamer-color specified with the |upper| option for the fore- and background. The following options can be given:
  \begin{itemize}
  \item
    \declare{|lower=|\meta{beamer color}} sets the \beamer-color to be used for the lower (main) part of the box. Its background is used for the background, its foreground for the foreground of the main part of the box. If either is empty, the current background or foreground is used. The box will never be transparent.
  \item
    \declare{|upper=|\meta{beamer color}} sets the \beamer-color used for the upper (head) part of the box. It is only used if the \meta{head} is not empty.
  \item
    \declare{|width=|\meta{dimension}} causes the width of the text inside the box to be the specified \meta{dimension}. By default, the |\textwidth| is used. Note that the box will protrude 4pt to the left and right.
  \item
    \declare{|shadow|}\opt{|=|\meta{\underline{true} or false}}. If set to |true|, a shadow will be drawn.
  \item
    \declare{|bgopacity|=\marg{opacity}} sets the opacity with which the background is drawn. To draw a box with 30\% transparent background, set |bgopacity=0.7|. Note that with a transparent background fine gaps can appear in the box because the box is drawn in multiple segments. If |bgopacity| is not specified, |\pgfsetfillopacity| is never set so that the surrounding opacity setting is adopted.
  \end{itemize}
  If no \meta{head} is given, the head part is completely suppressed.
  \example
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{beamerboxesrounded}[upper=block head,lower=block body,shadow=true]{Theorem}
  $A = B$.
\end{beamerboxesrounded}
\end{verbatim}

  \articlenote
  This environment is not available in |article| mode.
\end{environment}


\subsection{Figures and Tables}

You can use the standard \LaTeX\ environments |figure| and |table| much the same way you would normally use them. However, any placement specification will be ignored. Figures and tables are immediately inserted where the environments start. If there are too many of them to fit on the frame, you must manually split them among additional frames or use the |allowframebreaks| option.

\example
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{frame}
  \begin{figure}
    \pgfuseimage{myfigure}
    \caption{This caption is placed below the figure.}
  \end{figure}

  \begin{figure}
    \caption{This caption is placed above the figure.}
    \pgfuseimage{myotherfigure}
  \end{figure}
\end{frame}
\end{verbatim}

\begin{element}{caption}\yes\yes\yes
  This template is used to render the caption.
  \begin{templateoptions}
    \itemoption{default}{}
    typesets the caption name (a word like ``Figure'' or ``Abbildung'' or ``Table,'' depending on whether a table or figure is typeset and depending on the currently installed language) before the caption text. No number is printed, since these make little sense in a normal presentation.
    \itemoption{numbered}{}
    adds the figure or table number to the caption. Use this option only if your audience has a printed handout or printed lecture notes that follow the same numbering.
    \itemoption{caption name own line}{}
    As the name suggests, this option puts the caption name (like ``Figure'') on its own line.
  \end{templateoptions}

  Inside the template, you can use the following inserts:
  \begin{itemize}
    \iteminsert{\insertcaption}
    Inserts the text of the current caption.

    \iteminsert{\insertcaptionname}
    Inserts the name of the current caption. This word is either ``Table'' or ``Figure'' or, if the |babel| package is used, some translation thereof.

    \iteminsert{\insertcaptionnumber}
    Inserts the number of the current figure or table.
  \end{itemize}
\end{element}

\begin{element}{caption name}\no\yes\yes
  These \beamer-color and -font are used to typeset the caption name (a word like ``Figure''). The |caption| template must directly ``use'' them, they are not installed automatically by the |\insertcaptionname| command.
\end{element}

\begin{element}{caption label separator}\yes\no\no
  This template is inserted between caption name and caption text.
  \begin{templateoptions}
    \itemoption{default}{}
    Typesets the colon followed by the space.
    \itemoption{none}{}
    Typesets no separator.
    \itemoption{colon}{}
    Alias for the default.
    \itemoption{period}{}
    Typesets the period followed by the space.
    \itemoption{space}{}
    Typesets the space.
    \itemoption{quad}{}
    Typesets the |\quad| followed by the space.
    \itemoption{endash}{}
    Typesets the en-dash surrounded by spaces (| -- |).
  \end{templateoptions}
\end{element}


\subsection{Splitting a Frame into Multiple Columns}

The \beamer\ class offers several commands and environments for splitting (perhaps only part of) a frame into multiple columns. These commands have nothing to do with \LaTeX's commands for creating columns. Columns are especially useful for placing a graphic next to a description/explanation.

The main environment for creating columns is called |columns|. Inside this environment, you can either place several |column| environments, each of which creates a new column, or use the |\column| command to create new columns.

\begin{environment}{{columns}\sarg{action specification}\oarg{options}}
  A multi-column area. If the \meta{action specification} is present, the given actions are taken on the specified slides, see Section~\ref{section-action-specifications}. Inside the environment you should place only |column| environments or |\column| commands (see below). The following \meta{options} may be given:
  \begin{itemize}
  \item
    \declare{|b|} will cause the bottom lines of the columns to be vertically aligned.
  \item
    \declare{|c|} will cause the columns to be centered vertically relative to each other. Default, unless the global option |t| is used.
  \item
    \declare{|onlytextwidth|} is the same as |totalwidth=\textwidth|. This option can also be set for the whole document with the |onlytextwidth| class option:
    \begin{classoption}{onlytextwidth}
    \end{classoption}
  \item
    \declare{|t|} will cause the first lines of the columns to be aligned. Default if global option |t| is used.
  \item
    \declare{|T|} is similar to the |t| option, but |T| aligns the tops of the first lines while |t| aligns the so-called baselines of the first lines. If strange things seem to happen in conjunction with the |t| option (for example if a graphic suddenly ``drops down'' with the |t| option instead of ``going up''), try using this option instead.
  \item
    \declare{|totalwidth=|\meta{width}} will cause the columns to occupy not the whole page width, but only \meta{width}, all told.
     Note that this means that any margins are ignored.
  \item
    \declare{|height=|\meta{height}} will set a fixed height for the columns.
  \end{itemize}

  \example
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{columns}[t]
  \begin{column}{5cm}
    Two\\lines.
  \end{column}
  \begin{column}{5cm}
    One line (but aligned).
  \end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{verbatim}

  \example
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{columns}[t]
  \column{5cm}
    Two\\lines.

  \column[T]{5cm}
    \includegraphics[height=3cm]{mygraphic.jpg}
\end{columns}
\end{verbatim}

  \articlenote
  This environment is ignored in |article| mode.

\end{environment}

To create a column, you can either use the |column| environment or the |\column| command.

\begin{environment}{{column}\sarg{action specification}\oarg{options}\marg{column width}}
  Creates a single column of width \meta{column width}. If the \meta{action specification} is present, the given actions are taken on the specified slides, see Section~\ref{section-action-specifications}. The vertical placement of the enclosing |columns| environment can be overruled by specifying a specific placement in \meta{options} (|t| and |T| for the two top modes, |c| for centered, and |b| for bottom). The |height=|\meta{height} key can be used to specify a fixed height.

  \example
  The following code has the same effect as the above examples:
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{columns}
  \begin{column}[t]{5cm}
    Two\\lines.
  \end{column}
  \begin{column}[t]{5cm}
    One line (but aligned).
  \end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{verbatim}

  \articlenote
  This command is ignored in |article| mode.

\end{environment}

\begin{command}{{\column}\sarg{action specification}\oarg{options}\marg{column width}}
  Starts a single column. The parameters and options are the same as for the |column| environment. The column automatically ends with the next occurrence of |\column| or of a |column| environment or of the end of the current |columns| environment.

  \example
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{columns}
  \column[t]{5cm}
    Two\\lines.
  \column[t]{5cm}
    One line (but aligned).
\end{columns}
\end{verbatim}

  \articlenote
  This command is ignored in |article| mode.

\end{command}


\subsection{Positioning Text and Graphics Absolutely}

Normally, \beamer\ uses \TeX's normal typesetting mechanism to position text and graphics on the page. In certain situation you may instead wish a certain text or graphic to appear at a page position that is specified \emph{absolutely}. This means that the position is specified relative to the upper left corner of the slide.

The package |textpos| provides several commands for positioning text absolutely and it works together with \beamer. When using this package, you will typically have to specify the options |overlay| and perhaps |absolute|. For details on how to use the package, please see its documentation.

Another package to conveniently position elements at specific positions on the frame is Ti\emph{k}Z. Besides the possibility to manually chose coordinates, this also allows to position elements in respect to the page:

  \example
\begin{verbatim}
\usepackage{tikz}

\begin{frame}
  \tikz[remember picture, overlay] \node at (3.1415,1) {I'm here};

  \tikz[remember picture, overlay] \node at (current page.center) {I'm the centre of the frame!};
\end{frame}
\end{verbatim}

\subsection{Verbatim and Fragile Text}

If you wish to use a |{verbatim}| environment in a frame, you have to add the option |[fragile]| to the |{frame}| environment. The |\end{frame}| must be alone on a single line (except for any leading whitespace). Using this option will cause the frame contents to be written to an external file and then read back. See the description of the |{frame}| environment for more details.

You must also use the |[fragile]| option for frames that include any ``fragile'' text, which is any text that is not ``interpreted the way text is usually interpreted by \TeX.'' For example, if you use a package that (locally) redefined the meaning of, say, the character |&|, you must use this option.

Inside |{verbatim}| environments you obviously cannot use commands like |\alert<2>| to highlight part of code since the text is written in, well, verbatim. There are several good packages like |alltt| or |listings| that allow you to circumvent this problem. For simple cases, the following environment can be used, which is defined by \beamer:

\begin{environment}{{semiverbatim}}
  The text inside this environment is typeset like verbatim text. However, the characters |\|, |{|, and |}| retain their meaning. Thus, you can say things like
\begin{verbatim}
\alert<1->{std::cout << "AT&T likes 100% performance";}
\end{verbatim}

  To typeset the three characters |\|, |{|, and |}| you can use the commands |\\| (which is redefined inside this environment---you do not need it anyway), |\{|, and |\}|. Thus in order to get typeset ``|\alert<1>{X}|'' you can write |\\alert<1>\{X\}|.
\end{environment}


\subsection{Abstract}

The |{abstract}| environment is overlay specification-aware in \beamer:

\begin{environment}{{abstract}\sarg{action specification}}
  You can use this environment to typeset an abstract.

  \begin{element}{abstract}\no\yes\yes
    These \beamer-color and -font are used to typeset the abstract. If a background color is set, this background color is used as background for the whole abstract by default.
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{abstract title}\yes\yes\yes
    \colorparents{titlelike}
    This template is used for the title. By default, this inserts the word |\abstractname|, centered. The background color is ignored.
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{abstract begin}\yes\no\no
    This template is inserted at the very beginning of the abstract, before the abstract title and the \meta{environment contents} is inserted.
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{abstract end}\yes\no\no
    This template is inserted at the end of the abstract, after the \meta{environment contents}.
  \end{element}
\end{environment}


\subsection{Verse, Quotations, Quotes}

\LaTeX\ defines three environments for typesetting quotations and verses: |verse|, |quotation|, and |quote|. These environments are also available in the \beamer\ class, where they are overlay specification-aware. If an overlay specification is given, the verse or quotation is shown only on the specified slides and is covered otherwise. The difference between a |quotation| and a |quote| is that the first has paragraph indentation, whereas the second hasn't.

You can change the font and color used for these by changing the \beamer-colors and -fonts listed below. Unlike the standard \LaTeX\ environments, the default font theme typesets a verse in an italic serif font, quotations and quotes are typeset using an italic font (whether serif or sans-serif depends on the standard document font).

\begin{environment}{{verse}\sarg{action specification}}
  You can use this environment to typeset a verse.

  \begin{element}{verse}\no\yes\yes
    These \beamer-color and -font are used to typeset the verse. If a background color is set, this background color is used as background for the whole abstract. The default font is italic serif.
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{verse begin}\yes\no\no
    This template is inserted at the beginning of the verse.
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{verse end}\yes\no\no
    This template is inserted at the end of the verse.
  \end{element}
\end{environment}

\begin{environment}{{quotation}\sarg{action specification}}
  Use this environment to typeset multi-paragraph quotations. Think again, before presenting multi-paragraph quotations.

  \begin{element}{quotation}\no\yes\yes
    These \beamer-color and -font are used to typeset the quotation.
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{quotation begin}\yes\no\no
    This template is inserted at the beginning of the quotation.
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{quotation end}\yes\no\no
    This template is inserted at the end of the quotation.
  \end{element}
\end{environment}

\begin{environment}{{quote}\sarg{action specification}}
  Use this environment to typeset a single-paragraph quotation.

  \begin{element}{quote}\no\yes\yes
    These \beamer-color and -font are used to typeset the quote.
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{quote begin}\yes\no\no
    This template is inserted at the beginning of the quote.
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{quote end}\yes\no\no
    This template is inserted at the end of the quote.
  \end{element}
\end{environment}


\subsection{Footnotes}

First a word of warning: Using footnotes is usually not a good idea. They disrupt the flow of reading.

You can use the usual |\footnote| command. It has been augmented to take an additional option, for placing footnotes at the frame bottom instead of at the bottom of the current minipage.

\begin{command}{\footnote\sarg{overlay specification}\oarg{options}\marg{text}}
  Inserts a footnote into the current frame. Footnotes will always be shown on the current frame; they will never be ``moved'' to other frames. As usual, one can give a number as \meta{options}, which will cause the footnote to use that number. The \beamer\ class adds two additional options:
  \begin{itemize}
  \item
    \declare{|frame|} causes the footnote to be shown at the bottom of the frame. This is normally the default behavior anyway, but in minipages, columns and certain blocks it makes a difference. In a minipage, the footnote is usually shown as part of the minipage rather than as part of the frame.

    This option can also be set for the whole document with the |framefootnotes| class option:
        \begin{classoption}{framefootnotes}
        \end{classoption}
  \item
    \declare{|noframe|} is the antidote to the |frame| option. It ensures that the footnote is shown as part of the minipage even if the |framefootnotes| class option is used.
  \end{itemize}

  If an \meta{overlay specification} is given, this causes the footnote \meta{text} to be shown only on the specified slides. The footnote symbol in the text is shown on all slides.

  \example
  |\footnote{On a fast machine.}|
  \example
  |\footnote[frame,2]{Not proved.}|
  \example
  |\footnote<.->{Der Spiegel, 4/04, S.~90.}|

  \articlenote
  In |article| mode, footnotes are typeset as usual. The |frame| option has no effect, which means in a minipage the footnote is shown as part of it.

  \begin{element}{footnote}\yes\yes\yes
    This template will be used to render the footnote. Inside this template, the following two inserts can be used:
    \begin{itemize}
      \iteminsert{\insertfootnotetext}
      Inserts the current footnote text.
      \iteminsert{\insertfootnotemark}
      Inserts the current footnote mark (like a raised number). This mark is computed automatically.
    \end{itemize}
  \end{element}

  \begin{element}{footnote mark}\no\yes\yes
    This \beamer-color/-font is used when rendering the footnote mark, both in the text and at the beginning of the footnote itself.
  \end{element}
\end{command}
